The Inclusion of CBT in Physiotherapy Education

Original Editor - Ernest Chao, Florence Cook, Aoife Doyle, Martin Lanfear, Corey Hafner as part of the QMU Current and Emerging Roles in Physiotherapy Practice Project

Top Contributors - Ernest Chao, Corey Hafner, Aoife Doyle, Martin Lanfear, Florence Cook, Kim Jackson, Admin, 127.0.0.1 and Evan Thomas  

A proposal to the Health and Care Professions Council for the inclusion of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy education within the current curriculum to enhance the skills of physiotherapy students.
 

The aim of this wiki page is to present to the Health and Care Professions Council (HCPC) the importance of including Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) training into physiotherapy education. This will be illustrated through the critique of current evidence base, the provision of case studies and the construction of a sample module.

Learning Outcomes

1. Critically appraise the importance of CBT in physiotherapy practice for the benefit of current physiotherapy students.
2. Justify and synthesise the supporting evidence for the inclusion of CBT education for physiotherapy students to the HCPC.
3. Formulate an appropriate CBT module that enhances the ability of physiotherapy students to address the psychosocial aspects with regards to patients in various settings.
4. Demonstrate the construction of an accessible social media resource that enhances the delivery of the CBT module material.

Part 1: Theory

The History of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy

In the early 1960s, psychoanalyst professor Aaron Beck developed cognitive therapy after investigating the psychoanalytic concepts of depression. During his studies, he discovered that depressed patients spontaneously experienced automatic negative thoughts. These negative thoughts fell into three categories: negative thoughts about themselves, the world, and the future. After spending some time with these patients, Beck recognized that these automatic negative thoughts were highly related to the individual’s emotions. Beck started to notice rapid improvements amongst these individuals after helping these patients identify, evaluate and respond to their maladaptive thinking and behaviour patterns. In order to see the effects of this form of cognitive therapy, a randomized controlled study was conducted looking at the impact of cognitive therapy in depressed patients. Results showed cognitive therapy to be as effects as imipramine, an antidepressant. These findings were a huge milestone, as a form of talk therapy had been compared to a pharmacological medication. Today CBT has been scientifically proven to be effective in numerous clinical trials for varying disorders.

Table 1: Cases in which CBT has been shown to benefit

Psychiatric disorders	Medical problems	Psychological Problems
Depression Anxiety Personality Disorder Panic disorders Obsessive-compulsive disorder Substance abuse ADHD Eating disorders Sex offenders Bipolar disorder Schizophrenia	Chronic back pain  Sickle cell disease pain Migraine headaches Tinnitus Cancer pain Irritable bowel syndrome Chronic fatigue Syndrome Rheumatic disease pain Insomnia Obesity Hypertension	Couple problems Family problems Complicated grief Anger and hostility Pathological Gambling

Ernest - table might work better in part 2? thoughts?

What is Cognitive Behavioural Therapy?

CBT stems from the cognitive model of psychopathology. This theory looks at how individuals' perceptions and thoughts about

Figure 1: 2013. Cognitive Theory Model [online]. [viewed 11 November 2013]. Available from: http://www.reflectcbt.com/cbt-amsterdam-overview/

situations influence their emotional, behavioural and physiological reactions. For example, when individuals are stressed, their thoughts tend to be distorted and dysfunctional. If individuals learn to identify and address these thoughts while correcting them, their stress levels tend to decrease leading to more functional behaviour.

CBT teaches individuals to confront their irrational thoughts, in a more realistic and adaptive manner so that they experience improvements in their emotional state and behaviour. CBT can include a number a cognitive and behavioural techniques including self-instructions (i.e. imagery, distraction, motivational self-talk), the use of relaxation and biofeedback strategies and adaptive coping strategies (i.e. minimizing self-defeating thoughts). CBT involves 6 overlapping phases that can be adapted to a diverse set of populations with various disorders and problems. The phases represent the different theoretical components of the multidimensional treatment. Even though CBT follows a logical sequence, the treatment should be flexible and individualized to the patient’s needs.

 

The 6 phases of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy

PHASE 1: ASSESSMENT

•   This phase involves assessing information given from the patient and family through
  

  Figure 2: Phases of CBT
  a series of self-reported measures and observational procedures to identify the degree of psychosocial impairment
• Information provided determines the most appropriate course of action
• Establish baseline measure 

PHASE 2: RECONCEPTUALIZATION (“cognitive” portion of CBT)

• Patients are often asked to maintain a self-report diary
• Seeks to help patients challenge and question their maladaptive thoughts (i.e. “I am a failure in life because I am in pain”)
• Collaboratively set goals with the patient

PHASE 3: SKILLS ACQUISITION AND CONSOLIDATION

• Therapist uses various cognitive and behavioural strategies to teach patients how to deal with obstacles in their day to day lives
• Collaboratively focus on problem solving strategies (i.e. relaxation techniques/pacing/graded exposure/coping strategies)

PHASE 4: SKILLS CONSOLIDATION AND APPLICATION

• Patients are given homework to help reinforce the skills that they have learned

PHASE 5: GENERALIZATION AND MAINTENANCE

• Patients review homework and practice skills that have been taught and considers potential problematic situations that may arise
• Patients evaluate their progress and attributes success to their own coping efforts

PHASE 6: POST-TREATMENT AND FOLLOW-UP

• All aspects of therapy are reviewed
• Therapist monitors and evaluates patients application of CBT to their life
  

How and Why Does Cognitive Behavioural Therapy Fit Into Physiotherapy Practice?

Current physiotherapy education stems from the International Classification of Function, Disability and Health (ICF) Model. The incorporation of CBT into physiotherapy practice will enhance the delivery of the bio-psychosocial model providing a more holistic approach towards patient-centred care. This will ensure a more comprehensive and successful journey for both patient and practitioner. The correct implementation of CBT by physiotherapists within their scope of practice, would increase the success of treatment and overall outcome of interventions for patients. The fundamental principles of both CBT and physiotherapy are comparable and integrate cohesively as shown in Table 2.

Table 2: Relatable principles between CBT and physiotherapy

Cognitive Behavioural Therapy	Physiotherapy
Identification of current and specific problems	The synthesis of a problem list
The use of goal setting	The use of SMART goals
The treatment is both individualised and collaborative between therapist and patient	Patient centred care
Aims to uncover and change behaviours and schemas	Correcting bad habits and uncovering why the bad habits have occurred in the first place
Aims to build CBT skills to prevent relapse	Focus is on self management

 

The addition of CBT to a skilled physiotherapists arsenal can help enable patients to identifiy and change negative thought patterns which are detrimental for successful rehabilitation. This allows patients to regain locus of control which can positively influence the patient’s specific problems. Physiotherapists are in a prime position to help manage and modify a patients' maladaptive thoughts. The start of a physiotherapy assessment begins with a subjective examination. This provides the opportunity for physiotherapists to gauge if CBT would be an appropriate tool for the patient. With the appropriate tools to identify psychosocial risk factors (yellow flags) early on, this would enable the collaboration of the therapist and patient when setting SMART goals in order to target these problems. A treatment plan can then be seamlessly adapted with both the physical and psychosocial issues in mind. This may also help to reduce the impact of any negative stigma patients may have with regards to requesting and obtaining psychological support.

In some cases, physiotherapists will be the first point of health care contact for many patients. This places physiotherapists into a prime position to help treat the patient holistically. In scenarios containing complex patients with psychosocial issues at the stem of the problem list, the aim of treatment can be directed appropriately with collaboration between the therapist and patient. This is likely to reduce rates of relapse due to previous maladaptive behaviours and reduce re-admission rates.

The amalgamation of CBT into the current physiotherapy curriculum would equip new graduates with the skills to identify and manage patients with psychosocial yellow flags early thus reducing the need for a referral to a clinical psychologist. Ultimately, physiotherapists tackling subtle psychosocial issues at the start may decrease contact time amongst the multidisciplinary team and decrease health costs.  This would have the potential to increase the success rate of treatment and reduce readmissions, as the patient would learn to self manage their behaviours.

Ernest - I reworded this section a bit. let me know what you think?'need reference for ICF+physiotherapy. any referencing for anything else in this section?

Flo - I have referenced ICF and put in my other references. I really like your rewording of this. Thanks ernest

Missing Links in Current Physiotherapy Training:

In addition to the the principles of physiotherapy and CBT integrating seamlessly, there exists some gaps in current physiotherapy training.

The current curriculum:

1) emphasizes anatomical, neuro-musculoskeletal, biomechanical/biomedical knowledge over the biopsychosocial model

• treating disease and injury
• outcome measures focuses in on strength, movement, modalities, function, balance
• provides limited interprofessional education

2) provides some education within the biopsychosocial realm of physiotherapeutic management

• lacks depth and focus on how to assess and manage psychosocial factors
• more time spent on biomedical assessment and treatment of physical conditions
• at times provides education into modalities that are lacking evidence base and underpinning

3) lacks application and practice to fully reinforce psychosocial principles

• difficult to fully consolidate psychosocial education in practice

Additionally, the focus of continuing professional development (CPD) continues to enforce the biomedical model of assessment and treatment, with minimal CPD workshops that administer the psychosocial approach. A CBT module within the physiotherapy curriculum can enable a new graduate to become a more well-rounded and competent clinician.

The Evidence Behind Cognitive Behavioural Therapy

There is empirical evidence that suggests CBT is effective in improving problems such as anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, eating disorders and chronic pain. In the United Kingdom, the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) recommends CBT as the treatment of choice for a number of mental health difficulties previously mentioned. In addition there is a growing body of evidence behind the effectiveness of CBT for physiotherapy, producing significant improvements for patients with back pain, chronic pain and fibromyalgia with regards to function, pain experience and coping strategies.

Cognitive Behavioural Therapy Over a Wide Range of Conditions.../Evidence to support the use of CBT?? 

There has been an increase in the demand for interventions that may prevent the development of persistent pain problems.
In 1997, a review of 10 trials of early interventions for acute back pain based mainly in primary care settings was carried out. These programmes dealt with fear and anxiety which is often associated with acute pain, leading to positive results over various control conditions. A study conducted in 1998 also found that a cognitive-behavioural programme for patients with acute back pain significantly reduced worry and disability at follow-up – therefore preventative measures may be viable.

In 2001, a randomized controlled trial was published which aimed to investigate the preventative effects of a CBT group intervention for people reporting neck or back pain. The participants had experienced four or more episodes of relatively intense spinal pain during the past year but had not been out of work for more than 30 days. As a result the aim was to prevent a non-patient population developing a more serious pain problem and entering a chronic stage. The experimental group participated in a six-session structured programme where the individuals met in groups of 6-10 people once a week for two hours. The CBT group showed more stable improvements over the control group with reduced sick leave (decreased chance of sick leave greater than 2 weeks by more than threefold). The CBT group also reported a decrease in fear avoidance and an increase in the number of pain-free days concluding early preventative measures may be helpful.

With regard to the issue of sick leave and absenteeism, musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are one of the most commonly reported work-related illnesses. There is now general agreement among the various occupational health guidelines for management of MSDs which encompasses the identification of psychosocial obstacles to recovery, provision of advice that MSDs are self-limiting conditions and that remaining at work or an early return to work (RTW) should be encouraged and supported. A study was conducted in 2006 in a large pharmaceutical company in the UK. Occupational health nurses (OHN) were trained to deliver an intervention to workers taking absence due to various MSDs including low back pain and upper limb disorders. This training package included education about pain and pain mechanisms, tackling negative beliefs and attitudes and reinforcing the importance of keeping active and early RTW . Results showed a decrease in absent days in one particular site compared to the control site where workers were seen by the OHN on RTW. In summary this study adds to emerging evidence that absence from work can also be reduced by providing information and support to employees.

CBT has also been used successfully with angina patients. The Heart Manual, a six-week cognitive behavioural rehabilitation tool for use in the immediate post Myocardial Infarction (MI) period, is designed to correct misconceptions about the cause of heart attack as well as help patients develop strategies for dealing with stress in order to neutralise enduring misconceptions. The Heart Manual is one way of providing educational and psychological support for post MI patients, although it will not meet the needs of a minority who require additional help. An initial randomised controlled trial evaluating the Heart Manual found that those receiving the manual had improved emotional states and fewer GP contacts and hospital readmissions at six months post MI. Subsequent studies have found significantly fewer readmissions in the 77 treated patients and improvement in emotional state and sense of control at six months.

As previously mentioned, CBT can also play a role in the treatment of various mental health conditions. A study was published in 2002 which aimed to test the effectiveness of added CBT in accelerating remission from acute psychotic symptoms in early schizophrenia. A 5-week CBT programme plus routine care was compared with supportive counselling plus routine care and routine care alone in a multi-centre trial randomising 315 people with DSM-IV schizophrenia and related disorders in their first (83%) or second acute admission. Linear regression over 70 days showed predicted trends towards faster improvement in the CBT group concluding that CBT shows transient advantages over routine care alone or supportive counselling in speeding remission from acute symptoms in early Schizophrenia.

 

Does Cognitive Behavioural Therapy Work For All Patient Populations?

As mentioned previously, CBT is applicable in a wide range of situations and beyond the initial problem for which the patient may seek treatment. Although it has been specialized and adapted for use within a number of specific disorders ranging from depression, anxiety, insomnia, substance abuse and psychosis, CBT has also become increasingly popular for a wide variety of chronic pain conditions, particularly for chronic LBP. Despite this, there exists a patient population that is less likely to respond to CBT as a treatment. In addition, some research has shown that a CBT approach is no more effective at reducing pain levels as traditional interventions. Perhaps a more systematic approach to matching CBT to certain patient populations and filtering it to those who are more likely to respond positively to treatment is the approach required for CBT.

Figure 3: STarT Tool Scoring System (source: www.keele.ac.uk/sbst)

The Keele STarT Back Screening Tool (SBST) is designed to address the mismatch. A sample MSK screening tool can be downloaded here. The SBST categorizes patients with low back pain into three subgroups based on their prognosis (low risk of chronicity, medium risk with physical obstacles to recovery, and high risk with psychological obstacles to recovery). The practice of physiotherapy revolves around patient centered care. The choice for a physiotherapist to utilise CBT as an intervention stems from prior CBT training and therapist intuition/clinical reasoning. Moreover, a tool such as the SBST can determine any mismatches between a patient that will need and respond well to CBT or not. The SBST is valid and repeatable, and consists of 9 items which include: referred pain, co-morbid pain, disability, bothersomeness, catastrophizing, fear avoidance, anxiety and depression. The latter 5 items combine to form a subscore relating to psychosocial factors that indicates appropriateness for CBT as an intervention. The SBST is currently being adapted to musculoskeletal conditions, with trials occurring in the NHS 24 in Scotland.

Figure 4: Subgrouping and Care Plan (source:www.keele.ac.uk/sbst/‎)

Targeting patient subgroups that are most likely to be receptive to CBT can help improve outcomes and reduce costs. A trial of the SBST conducted by Hill et al. 2011 demonstrated increased health benefits along with reduced cost of health care. The trial revealed that with the SBST and trained therapists to deliver targeted interventions for each of the three subgroups of patients, there was a direct mean savings of £34.39 per patient and an indirect productivity savings of £675 per patient when compared with patients receiving best current care. Pain-related productivity and societal losses can manifest through sick leave days and number of repeat health care visits. A randomized control trial conducted in 2005 found that CBT in addition to physiotherapy reduced the mean number of health care visits due to pain from 6 to 1, and reduced the percentage of sick leave from 9-14% to 2-5% when comparing groups that received minimal treatment and CBT. This type of evidence suggests that with therapeutic interventions that take into account the biopsychosocial model of patient care, there is a possibility to reduce disability and reduce the cost of care.

The evidence suggests the effectiveness of CBT is improved when directed at the correct patient populations. Tools like the SBST need to be used in conjunction with sound clinical reasoning in a patient centered approach to target those who are likely to benefit from it. With adapted versions of the SBST to encompass other musculoskeletal conditions being trialed with the NHS 24 currently, newly trained physiotherapists would benefit from CBT training to effectively utilize this new information gained from patients in practice. Physiotherapists are evidenced-based practitioners and there exists not only a need for further training to incorporate CBT principles, but a desire from practicing physiotherapists to expand knowledge on CBT principles.

The Role of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy in the Multidisciplinary Team and the Family 

CBT can also be used away from the therapist-patient relationship. Some areas where CBT can be applied by an Allied Health Professional (AHP) include:

1.   Supporting families of those with both chronic and acute conditions:

• Reassurance to family members of those affected by both chronic and acute conditions is essential in the treatment and recovery of the patient.
• Programs designed to include families in the care of relatives with chronic conditions can be implemented, particularly in the chronic/terminal setting. Such programs can guide family members in setting goals for supporting patient self-care behaviours, train families in supportive communication techniques and give families tools and infrastructure to assist in monitoring clinical symptoms and medications.
• For those with career threatening injuries e.g. professional athletes or manual working, coping with potential loss of income can be extremely stressful for both themselves and their families.  

In order to get families on board in a supportive role, there often needs to be a change in cognition. Unrealistic and irrational thoughts regarding their loved ones prognosis may be detrimental to the treatment process. Therefore where possible, such beliefs should be addressed to reduce the potential of any maladaptive behaviours. For those with acute conditions that may result in loss of earnings or concept of self, CBT may help to prevent anxiety and cognitive distortion e.g. catastrophizing as well as increased adherence to rehabilitation protocol.

2.   To work effectively other members of the Multidisciplinary Team (MDT), particularly in challenging settings e.g. palliative care, oncology:

• When those working in palliative care settings have been interviewed with regards to work place stressors more were related to difficulty with colleagues, work environment, and occupational role than with interaction with patients and their families.
• Seeking support from colleagues is often preferred and more accessible then official support models in place for those working in health provision areas with high stress.

With an insight into the cognitive and behavioural components of our own actions we can develop higher self-monitoring traits along with increased empathy, this in turn may lead to further understanding of fellow professionals within the MDT thus enabling us to defuse any potentially volatile situations. Furthermore, many of the environments in which physiotherapist’s skills are required tend to be highly stressful and emotional. As a result we may be required to engage in supportive behaviour and cognitive reason with colleagues.

3.   To ensure an optimum personal mental health for AHP’s:

• The Health and Safety Executive recognizes that there are many factors in the workplace that contribute to strains on NHS professional’s mental health. These include: excessive demands, lack of control, lack of support, poor working relationships, role ambiguity, organizational change.
• The 2009 Boorman Review reported that the NHS 10 million working days annually due to sickness costing the NHS an estimated £555million, with mental health along with muscular skeletal issues being the primary cause. Combined they are also the leading cause of health-related early retirement in the NHS.
• The Work Foundation estimates that presenteeism due to poor mental health leads to a loss of working time nearly 1.5 times that caused by sickness absence due to mental health in the United Kingdom.

By having an understanding of ones own cognitive state, AHPs may be able to overcome the inherent stresses of their jobs. It has been documented that self-directed CBT can reduce an individual’s own stress, anxiety, depression and cognitive dissonance. As CBT incorporates the introspection of thought process from Cognitive Therapy and the goal of behavioural change from Behavioural Therapy, CBT can be a useful tool for Physiotherapists in their own development as a competent and holistic professional. The resultant increased insight into their thoughts and ability to rationalize those that are irrational in nature may lead to a reduction in mental health issue in those that work on the NHS, resulting in a decrease in work days lost.

Part 2: Case Studies 

Listed below are four sample case studies in which CBT principles can be applied. However, to apply CBT involves taking into the consideration the following<span class="fck_mw_ref" _fck_mw_customtag="true" _fck_mw_tagname="ref" name="beck1" />:

 Therapeutic Alliance

• Essential that the patient views therapy as teamwork
• Important for the therapist to provide empathy, warmth and genuine regard, through listening and understanding the patients true feelings

 Providing a realistic outlook

• Ensuring the patient understands and agrees with types of therapy

• Active participation from the patient, encouraging the patient to take an active role in her recovery, providing therapy homework

 Goal setting

• Elicit SMART goals from the start to ensure the patient understands what they are working towards

 Education

• The therapist should aim to teach the patient skills and techniques of how to be their own therapist

 Time Limited

• Patients are usually treated for 6-14 sessions, the therapist aims to provide relief, resolve the patients most pressing problem and teach them skills to avoid relapse

 Structured therapy

• In order to maximize efficiency and effectiveness each session should be structured

 Various techniques

• CBT uses various techniques in order to cater to the individuals needs

 Identify, evaluate and respond

• Patients can have hundreds of automatic thoughts everyday but it is important that the therapist teaches the patient how to identify the key cognitions and how to respond

Ernest - source for pictures in case studies

Case 1: Eager/hyperactive patient and chronic engraved behaviour Subjective examination: A 38-year-old plumber presents with an 18 month history of low back pain. He’s had a sore back “on and off” for the past 10 years (about 2-3 episodes a year). These previous episodes would usually resolve within a week or so. <img src="/images/e/e3/Plumber_2.jpg" _fck_mw_filename="Plumber 2.jpg" _fck_mw_location="right" alt="" class="fck_mw_right" /> However, over the last 18 months, the pain has become constant and he is finding it much harder to work because of it. His main problems at work are bending down, working in cramped places (e.g. under sinks), carrying his tools and driving for longer than half an hour. His only (partial) relief is a long, hot bath at the end of the day – it doesn’t help the pain much, it just helps him to relax. He’s self-employed and has a family to support, so he tends to “push on” to get the work done but towards the end of the day, he says he’s “good for nothing except lying on the sofa”. He also spends a lot of the weekend resting to try and recuperate/prepare for the week ahead. His GP has prescribed various painkillers over thelast year, none of which have helped much. His GP told him he doesn’t need an XR, a scan or surgery. He attended physiotherapy a year ago where he was given exercises to do and manipulation but none of this helped. He found the exercises very painful to do and so he stopped them because they weren’t helping anyway. Physical examination: All active movements of the lumbar spine reduced to about ¾ of normal range. Neurological examination is normal. Palpation of the lumbar spine reveals pain and tenderness at all levels. SLR was 70 degrees bilaterally. Possible strategies to employ: Thought re-evaluation: pacing strategies At work With physiotherapy exercises Education regarding the boom/bust model Pain management techniques |} Case 2: Fear avoidance following acute injury Subjective examination: A 26-year-old professional rugby player reports coming off his first right ACL-repair. 8 months prior he had a traumatic injury in a game, when a player tackled his right knee into valgus. He heard an immediate “pop” and had pain with immediate swelling and immediately went to A&E. An MRI revealed a triad injury of the right knee (ACL rupture, MCL tear, medial meniscal tear). He has had an arthroscopy 4 days following the incident. Since then, he reports he has received daily physiotherapy, but has not returned to rugby since he reports ongoing weakness in his right knee, and feels very fearful of re-injury and returning to the full contact nature of the sport. <img src="/images/thumb/0/03/Rugby_2.jpg/197px-Rugby_2.jpg" _fck_mw_filename="Rugby 2.jpg" _fck_mw_location="right" _fck_mw_width="261" _fck_mw_height="221" alt="" class="fck_mw_right" /> Physical examination: No swelling, locking, crepitus, giving way All ligaments of knee intact Full ROM, full strength McMurrays test negative Possible strategies to employ: Graded exposure to progressively increase the amount of full sprints and cutting movements Non-contact in training Controlled contact in training Gradually increasing minutes played in real game Thought re-evaluation/re-modelling of maladaptive thoughts and fear avoidance behaviors Problem solving

Case 3: Palliative care Subjective examination: A 45-year-old woman with end stage lung cancer, lives at home with husband and 12-year-old daughter. The patient has been managing personal ADLs until recently and is struggling with fatigue and nausea resulting in declining motivation. She has <img src="/images/thumb/4/4c/Palliative_care.jpg/163px-Palliative_care.jpg" _fck_mw_filename="Palliative care.jpg" _fck_mw_location="left" _fck_mw_width="182" _fck_mw_height="135" alt="" class="fck_mw_left" />recently been diagnosed with depression but does not wish to take medication for this because she feels she ‘is already taking enough pills’. She has started to decline physiotherapy sessions because she ‘doesn’t see the point’. As a result her exercise tolerance is declining quickly, she has a low compliance and motivation. Her husband feels he will be unable cope with the role of primary caregiver and the inevitability of single parenthood through bereavement. Upon seeing the loss of a close family unit, the MDT are struggling to maintain their professional composure. Possible strategies to employ: Thought remodelling to aid the patients acceptance of situation along with an understanding of the value of maximizing remaining quality of life for her and her family. Realising the Stages of Grief that the husband may be presently at and allow time for acceptance of the situation him to adopt his new role. Provide support to colleagues and self through open lines of communication and introspection to highlight irrational thoughts regarding loss.

Case 4: Problems with Adherence Subjective examination A domiciliary visit to a 62-year-old male with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease reveals some psychosocial issues that may need addressing. He continues to smoke 30 cigarettes a day as he has done for the last 45 years. He sees no reason to give up smoking at this stage as feels he’s “beyond help”. He reports shortness of breath and increased work of breathing with difficulty climbing stairs and walking distances greater than 5m (MRC score 5). As a result he remains house bound through fear of exacerbation of his breathlessness, though has yet to experience episodes that would confirm this fear. He finds it difficult to cough up secretions, ha<img src="/images/2/2c/Smoker3.jpg" _fck_mw_filename="Smoker3.jpg" _fck_mw_location="right" alt="" class="fck_mw_right" />s been taught the Active Cycle of Breathing but does not feel confident that it works therefore doesn’t comply with the prescribed technique. Physical examination: Auscultation – Widespread wheeze, prolonged expiration, fine crackles right base Cough – weak, secretions small amount thick yellow ABG – (2L O2) H+57, PaCO2 6.8Kpa, HCO3 37 mmol/L, PaO2 8.0 Kpa SaO2 92% on RA CXR- consolidation on right base Possible strategies to employ: Remodeling of beliefs towards ACBT and smoking Exploration of strategies/problem solving with quitting smoking. Education regarding smoking Thought monitoring to examine the grounds on which he bases his reluctance to exercise

Part 3: Incorporating Cognitive Behavioural Therapy Education Into the Curriculum

Why current students and newly qualified physiotherapists need CBT training?

Introduction:
A growing body of evidence has highlighted the important roles cognitive factors can have on an individual’s health contributing to disability and influencing treatment response. Research has shown that a good treatment outcome is more positive in people who strongly believe in their internal control over illness (page 255). Thus by gaining a greater understanding of identifying and evaluating these maladaptive patterns in patients and applying CBT may aid in their overall success.

Ernest - reference for (page 255)?

Aim:

• The overall aim of this workshop is to prepare physiotherapists with an overview of CBT and provide them with the tools and knowledge for the application of this approach

Programme content:

•  Students will complete approximately 10 hours of CBT training through a combination of self-directed online tutorials and a practical element
•  8 online YouTube videos: Self-directed
• 4 practical classes (1 hour each): individual’s will take part in four 1-hour practical classes where they will gain insight on CBT principles, role play various scenarios and implement different several strategies  
• The module is spread over an 8-week period

Learning Outcomes(of the CBT module?):

• To become familiar with the theory of CBT
• To build upon the individual’s existing knowledge of CBT
• To provide the opportunity for practice of various CBT strategies
• To enhance an individual confidence when using CBT in clinical practice

Ernest - Are these learning outcomes like Judiths tutorial on learning outcomes)
Flo- words in brackets are just an idea to ensure clarification

Other information:

• Training will take place between the students 2^nd and 3rd placement in order to better prepare the students for their final placements. Having previously been on two placements, students will have a better understanding and appreciation of how and when CBT can be applied and to whom it may benefit.
• Completion of CBT training will be a requirement on the students passport in order to graduate successfully
• Completion of CBT training will contribute to the students continued professional development portfolio

Table 3: Sample CPD Module

Week	Self-directed learning (Youtube)	Practical group sessions (1 hour)
1	Introduction to CBT Stages of change Application of CBT	Nil
2	Technique 1: Controlled breathing and relaxation techniques	Recap of self-directed learning Anxiety and worrying in patients Application and practice of Technique 1
3	Technique 2: Thought monitoring and challenging	Nil
4	Technique 3: Graded exposure	Depression and negative thinking/rumination from patients Application and practice of Technique 2 and 3
5	Technique 4: Problem solving/coping strategies	Nil
6	Consolidating of knowledge Chronic pain	Catastrophizing and fear avoidance behaviors in patients Application and practice of Technique 4
7	Case study 1	Nil
8	Case study 2	Analysis and discussion of case studies 1 and 2

Utilising Social Media as a Delivery Method for the Cognitive Behavioural Therapy Module

The online component of the CBT module for physiotherapy students will be available via the video hosting website: YouTube. YouTube is a free to use, internationally available format that allows videos to be searched for, saved, discussed and easily linked to others. YouTube is accessible on an array of platforms such of laptops, tablets and smartphones, which are vital in the ever-changing landscape of personal computing. YouTube commands one of the biggest audiences in terms of Internet traffic in the world with an estimated 100 million unique viewers each month.

As a result of YouTube’s search and subscription feature it will be very easy for student to find the “CBT Physio” videos and then subscribe to the channel to remain up to date. To make accessibility to the content of the YouTube channel more effective there is the facility for individual users to receive email notifications of new videos and a Twitter account to allow videos and any new module announcements to appear on their social media feed. Twitter is second most accessed social media site (behind Facebook) with over 6 million external sites linking to it (Link Root Domains).

Link to a sample online CBT Youtube video:

Technique 4: Problem Solving and Coping Strategies This online self-directed study, presented by CBT Physio, explores the application of CBT principles into physiotherapy practice.

Table 5: An overview of how to organize the module YouTube Channel

Step 1: By going to www.youtube.com the user will be able to freely access the video sharing website.	Step 2: Entering "CBT physio" will initiate a search of all relevent videos.	Step 3: The top result is our sample clip.
Step 4: The user can easily subsribe the the channel to recieve updates and to be notified when new videos are published.	Step 5: The chanel will then be added to the users list of subcriptions.	Step 6: Below the video is a comment section for both the user and publisher to discuss the video content.
Step 7: From the channels home page the user can access the corresponding Twitter account.	Step 8: The Twitter account can be followed with a click of button ensuring the user is updated and informed of activity.	Step 9: Any updates from the Module are then fed directly to the users Twitter timeline with direct links to the video.

Conclusion

This physio-pedia page aims to engage with the HCPC board members regarding the importance of including CBT within the current physiotherapy curriculum. The evidence demonstrates that CBT can benefit all aspects of the patient journey which incorporates not only the patient, but family members and the MDT as well. Current physiotherapy education attempts to emphasize and root its practice based on the ICF model. The integration of a CBT module in the current curriculum would highlight the importance of combining both the biomedical and the psychosocial model of healthcare. Numerous benefits of CBT have been demonstrated throughout this proposal. These include enhancing the patient journey, facilitating a more efficient practice and ultimately minimising health care costs. The sample module that this page presents, demonstrates the simplicity and feasibility of implementing such a CBT module.