Software Application for Balance Assessment

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Original Editors - Aya Alhindi

Top Contributors - Shrouk Ashraf Rekaby, Kim Jackson, Shahd Mohammed Abdelhafeez Hamed, Adham Abdelhady, Mohamed A Hassanin, Mariam Eldaly, Aya Alhindi and Esraa Elsaeed Mohamed  

Introduction[edit | edit source]

Balance is the ability to evenly distribute body weight in static positions e.g. standing or during movement so person doesn’t fall or can recover from any external disturbances to this state and it is closely related to the position of body’s center of gravity. Due to its dependence on neuromusculoskeletal system, Balance deficits can occur due to many disorders or diseases in your body. Imbalance symptoms like dizziness and vertigo are common in world-wide community (dizziness 17 - 30%, and for vertigo 3 - 10%)[1]. That’s why Physiotherapists and other health care professions pay special attention to balance deficits among patients they deal with.

The three-level nervous system deficits model based on the level of neuronal processing involved[2]:

Level 1: Low level deficits depict gait disorders due to peripheral sensory (peripheral neuropathy, vestibular, hearing[3] or visual dysfunction) or peripheral motor impairment (myopathy, focal muscle weakness e.g. peroneus paresis). Low level impairments can be compensated, if central nervous functions are intact.

Level 2: Intermediate level deficits are caused by dysfunction of postural or motor responses, and sensory and motor modulation as in spastic hemiplegia, spastic paraplegia, extrapyramidal (e.g. Parkinsonian) gait disorders, and cerebellar movement disorders.

Level 3: Higher level disorders are characterized by cognition deficits in planning, intention, and executive functions, as well as gait apraxia. As in dementia and depression.

Patients with diseases of other body systems can complain from imbalance like patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease[4], Obesity[5], Hip arthroplasties (Surgical and post-operative risk factors)[6]and knee osteoarthritis[7].

Types of Balance[edit | edit source]

1.Static balance :can be defined as the maintenance of a steady position on a fixed ,firm stable support base [8].static balance can be also defined as the ability to maintain support with minimum movement of one or both leg

2.Dynamic balance : it is the ability to performing activites while maintain a stable position .[9]

Traditional Assessment[edit | edit source]

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Software Application Assessment[edit | edit source]

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Reliability[edit | edit source]

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Validity[edit | edit source]

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Resources[edit | edit source]

References[edit | edit source]

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  1. ↑ Murdin L, Schilder AGM. Epidemiology of Balance Symptoms and Disorders in the Community. Otology & Neurotology. 2015 Mar;36(3):387–92.
  2. ↑ Axer H, Axer M, Sauer H, Witte OW, Hagemann G. Falls and gait disorders in geriatric neurology. Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery. 2010 May;112(4):265–74.
  3. ↑ Carpenter MG, Campos JL. The Effects of Hearing Loss on Balance: A Critical Review. Ear & Hearing [Internet]. 2020 Oct 26;41(Supplement 1):107S119S. Available from: https://journals.lww.com/ear-hearing/fulltext/2020/11001/the_effects_of_hearing_loss_on_balance__a_critical.12.aspx
  4. ↑ beauchamp MK, Hill K, Goldstein RS. Impairments in balance discriminate fallers from non-fallers in COPD [Internet]. Respiratory Medicine ; 2009 [cited 2024 Feb 16]. Available from: https://www.resmedjournal.com/article/S0954-6111(09)00209-1/fulltext
  5. ↑ Alice A, Yadav M, Verma R, Kumari M, Arora S. Effect of obesity on balance. International journal of health sciences. 2022 Jun 17;3261–79.
  6. ↑ Di Laura Frattura G, Bordoni V, Feltri P, Fusco A, Candrian C, Filardo G. Balance Remains Impaired after Hip Arthroplasty: A Systematic Review and Best Evidence Synthesis. Diagnostics. 2022 Mar 11;12(3):684.
  7. ↑ Arden NK, Crozier S, Smith H, Anderson F, Edwards C, Raphael H, et al. Knee pain, knee osteoarthritis, and the risk of fracture. Arthritis & Rheumatism. 2006;55(4):610–5.
  8. ↑ Gonçalves C, Vila-Chã C, Bezerra P, Clemente F, Leão C, Brandão A, et al. The connection between dynamic and static balance in young people who are active. 2022;23(2):65–75; Human Movement. Reference: 10.5114/hm.2021.106165.
  9. ↑ 1. Mahmoudi F, Rahnama N, Daneshjoo A, Behm DG. Comparison of dynamic and static balance among professional male soccer players by position. Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies [Internet]. 2023 Oct 1 [cited 2023 Oct 6];36:307–12. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1360859223001705 ‌
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