Sitting Ergonomics And The Impact on Low Back Pain: Difference between revisions
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== '''The lower back''' == | == '''The lower back''' == | ||
A little introduction to the back - what we use/ how we use our backs every day - important to keep healthy.... | A little introduction to the back - what we use/ how we use our backs every day - important to keep healthy.... | ||
==== '''Clinically relevant anatomy''' ==== | ==== '''Clinically relevant anatomy''' ==== | ||
The lumbar spine, where most back pains occur (REFERENCE), has 5 vertebrae (numbered L1-L5). In between each vertebra, there is an intervertebral disc. This is known as the intervertebral disc joint. There are also two (left and right) facet joints between each vertebra (REFERENCE). | The lumbar spine, where most back pains occur (REFERENCE), has 5 vertebrae (numbered L1-L5). In between each vertebra, there is an intervertebral disc. This is known as the intervertebral disc joint. There are also two (left and right) facet joints between each vertebra (REFERENCE). | ||
===== '''The vertebra''' ===== | ===== '''The vertebra''' ===== | ||
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'''Annulus fibrosis''' - This contains multiple fibrocartilaginous bands. It surrounds the nucleus pulposus and its main function is to protect the nucleus pulposus. | '''Annulus fibrosis''' - This contains multiple fibrocartilaginous bands. It surrounds the nucleus pulposus and its main function is to protect the nucleus pulposus. | ||
'''Cartilage endplates''' - This is found on the superior and inferior ends of the disc and represents the anatomic limit of the disc. Its main functions include protecting the contents of the disc and providing a source of nutrition to the disc. | '''Cartilage endplates''' - This is found on the superior and inferior ends of the disc and represents the anatomic limit of the disc. Its main functions include protecting the contents of the disc and providing a source of nutrition to the disc. - https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0004951414606206 | ||
===== '''Ligaments''' ===== | ===== '''Ligaments''' ===== | ||
The main ligaments of the lumbar spine include: | |||
===== '''Muscles''' ===== | '''Anterior longitudinal ligament''' '''-''' This is a thick band of tissue that runs along the anterior surfaces of the vertebral bodies. It protects against hyperextension of the spine. | ||
'''Posterior longitudinal ligament -''' This is thinner than its anterior counterpart and runs along the anterior wall of the vertebral canal. It is involved in preventing disc prolapse. | |||
'''Ligamentum flavum -''' This runs between each consecutive laminae and is extremely elastic. Its function is to help maintain an upright posture and to resume this position after flexion. It also prevents buckling of the ligament during extension. | |||
'''Interspinous ligaments -''' This connects consecutive spinous processes together within the spine. It mainly limits the flexion of the spine. | |||
'''Supraspinous ligament -''' Connects the ends of each spinous process together. Helps to prevent hyperflexion | |||
'''Iliolumbar ligaments -''' This consists of two parts, an anterior and posterior part. It plays a huge role in the stability and restricts both side flexion and rotational movement at the lumbosacral junction | |||
===== '''Muscles''' ===== | |||
Flexors | |||
Extensors | |||
Erector spinae, Multifidus | |||
Lateral rotators | |||
Rotators | |||
==== '''Low back pain''' ==== | ==== '''Low back pain''' ==== | ||
Revision as of 18:03, 15 May 2020
Introduction[edit | edit source]
We all, at some point in our lives, will sit for a long period of time. Whether that is at a desk at work, eating dinner at the table, or sitting to watch a film. Many theories have been produced about how our posture should be during this time. From sitting up straight with no support to using specialised equipment to keep our backs in a correct and safe position. Below will discuss what the evidence says to keep our backs healthy and (Add aims in).
Ergonomics[edit | edit source]
Explain here what ergonomics is.... specifically sitting
The lower back[edit | edit source]
A little introduction to the back - what we use/ how we use our backs every day - important to keep healthy....
Clinically relevant anatomy[edit | edit source]
The lumbar spine, where most back pains occur (REFERENCE), has 5 vertebrae (numbered L1-L5). In between each vertebra, there is an intervertebral disc. This is known as the intervertebral disc joint. There are also two (left and right) facet joints between each vertebra (REFERENCE).
The vertebra[edit | edit source]
There are several distinct features of the typical lumbar vertebra. These include:
- Large vertebral body
- Short and thick spinous process
- Relatively vertical facet joint
- A mammillary process on the posterior aspect of the superior articular process
- L5 has the largest body and transverse process of all vertebra.
Structural function[edit | edit source]
The main function of the lumbar spine if to bear the weight of the body. It absorbs the stress of lifting and carrying objects as well as general movement.
https://mayfieldclinic.com/pe-anatspine.htm
- The spine holds an increasing amount of weight as you move down into the lumbar region, for this reason, the lumbar vertebra has the larger bodies in the spine.
- Due to the relative size of the spinous process and body, the lumbar spine has the largest degree of extension.
- The lumbar spine allows flexion, extension, and lateral flexion but not rotation and this is due to the orientation of the facet joints
- The mammillary processes provide an attachment point for many lower back muscles.
The intervertebral Disc[edit | edit source]
Between each vertebra, there is an intervertebral disc. The intervertebral disc is made out of the nucleus pulposus, annulus fibrosis, and the cartilage endplates.
Nucleus pulposus - This is a highly hydrophilic substance that is located in the centre of the intervertebral disc. It acts as a shock absorber as it allows for the distribution of pressure in all directions.
Annulus fibrosis - This contains multiple fibrocartilaginous bands. It surrounds the nucleus pulposus and its main function is to protect the nucleus pulposus.
Cartilage endplates - This is found on the superior and inferior ends of the disc and represents the anatomic limit of the disc. Its main functions include protecting the contents of the disc and providing a source of nutrition to the disc. - https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0004951414606206
Ligaments[edit | edit source]
The main ligaments of the lumbar spine include:
Anterior longitudinal ligament - This is a thick band of tissue that runs along the anterior surfaces of the vertebral bodies. It protects against hyperextension of the spine.
Posterior longitudinal ligament - This is thinner than its anterior counterpart and runs along the anterior wall of the vertebral canal. It is involved in preventing disc prolapse.
Ligamentum flavum - This runs between each consecutive laminae and is extremely elastic. Its function is to help maintain an upright posture and to resume this position after flexion. It also prevents buckling of the ligament during extension.
Interspinous ligaments - This connects consecutive spinous processes together within the spine. It mainly limits the flexion of the spine.
Supraspinous ligament - Connects the ends of each spinous process together. Helps to prevent hyperflexion
Iliolumbar ligaments - This consists of two parts, an anterior and posterior part. It plays a huge role in the stability and restricts both side flexion and rotational movement at the lumbosacral junction
Muscles[edit | edit source]
Flexors
Extensors
Erector spinae, Multifidus
Lateral rotators
Rotators
Low back pain[edit | edit source]
What is it how many people are affected by it? what causes it? does it have a link to ergonomics
evidence evidence evidence
Prehab and rehab[edit | edit source]
evidence evidence evidence
