View source for Principles of Care for Complex Injuries and Multi-System Conditions

== Causes of Complex Injuries and Conditions ==

* Trauma 
** road traffic accidents, falls, sports, acts of violence

* Chronic conditions 
** diabetes, heart diseases, autoimmune disorders

* Ageing

* Genetic factors
** muscular dystrophy<ref>Iftikhar M, Frey J, Shohan MJ, Malek S, Mousa SA. Current and emerging therapies for Duchenne muscular dystrophy and spinal muscular atrophy. Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2021 Apr 1;220:107719.</ref> 

* Environmental factors 
** air pollution or exposure to environmental hazards<ref>Meghji J, Mortimer K, Agusti A, Allwood BW, Asher I, Bateman ED, Bissell K, Bolton CE, Bush A, Celli B, Chiang CY. Improving lung health in low-income and middle-income countries: from challenges to solutions. The Lancet. 2021 Mar 6;397(10277):928-40.</ref> 

* Lifestyle choices<ref>Mintzer J, Donovan KA, Kindy AZ, Lock SL, Chura LR, Barracca N. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6787147/pdf/fmed-06-00204.pdf Lifestyle choices and brain health.] Frontiers in medicine. 2019 Oct 4;6:204.</ref>   
** poor diet, physical inactivity,<ref>Katzmarzyk PT, Friedenreich C, Shiroma EJ, Lee IM. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8478970/pdf/nihms-1697438.pdf Physical inactivity and non-communicable disease burden in low-income, middle-income and high-income countries.] British journal of sports medicine. 2022 Jan 1;56(2):101-6.</ref> substance use<ref>Shearer RD, Howell BA, Bart G, Winkelman TN. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8147519/pdf/nihms-1703100.pdf Substance use patterns and health profiles among US adults who use opioids, methamphetamine, or both, 2015-2018.] Drug and alcohol dependence. 2020 Sep 1;214:108162.</ref>