Overview of Global Health: Difference between revisions
No edit summary |
No edit summary |
||
| Line 20: | Line 20: | ||
== Social Determinants of Health == | == Social Determinants of Health == | ||
The ultimate goal of global health is to promote health, improve health equity and reduce health disparities.<ref name=":0" /> To effectively improve health and reduce inequities, social determinants of health needs to addressed. Social determinants of health (SDH) are non-medical factors that influence health outcomes. <ref name=":3">World Health Organization. Social Determinants of Health. Available from: https://www.who.int/health-topics/social-determinants-of-health#tab=tab_1</ref> These factors are conditions in which individuals are born, grow, age, live and work that shape their daily life.<ref>Saraswathy SY. [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/23779497.2021.1929387 Global Health Security: Addressing Social Determinants of Health through programmes and other initiatives]. Global Security: Health, Science and Policy. 2021 Jan 1;6(1):38-48.</ref> The following are examples of social determinants of health which can have either a positive or negative consequence on health: | The ultimate goal of global health is to promote health, improve health equity and reduce health disparities.<ref name=":0" /> To effectively improve health and reduce inequities, social determinants of health needs to addressed. Social determinants of health (SDH) are non-medical factors that influence health outcomes. <ref name=":3">World Health Organization. Social Determinants of Health. Available from: https://www.who.int/health-topics/social-determinants-of-health#tab=tab_1</ref> These factors are conditions in which individuals are born, grow, age, live and work that shape their daily life.<ref>Saraswathy SY. [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/23779497.2021.1929387 Global Health Security: Addressing Social Determinants of Health through programmes and other initiatives]. Global Security: Health, Science and Policy. 2021 Jan 1;6(1):38-48.</ref> SDH's account for 30-55% of health outcomes demonstrating that they may be more important in influencing health rather than health care or lifestyle choices. Therefore, addressing SDH is a critical component to improving global health.<ref name=":3" /> | ||
The following are examples of social determinants of health which can have either a positive or negative consequence on health: | |||
* Education | * Education | ||
| Line 33: | Line 35: | ||
* Access to affordable and quality health services<ref name=":3" /> | * Access to affordable and quality health services<ref name=":3" /> | ||
Research shows | Research shows the lower the individuals' socioeconomic position, the worse their health outcome is. <ref name=":3" /> | ||
''Lack of access to water and sanitation highlights some of the greatest inequities in global health. Approximatel. high-level meeting on noncommunicable diseases at the General Assembly of the United Nations in 2011, only the second such meeting devoted to health, emphasized how these diseases now dominate health worldwide (37). More than 60% of preventable deaths worldwide are now attributable to noncommunicable diseases (cardiovascular diseases, cancers, diabetes, and chronic respiratory diseases); in low-income and middle-income countries, 48% of such deaths occur in persons <70 years of age, compared with 26% in high-income countries (38). The incidence of these conditions is also increasing rapidly in Africa, a region in which urbanization and population growth are most extreme.'' | |||
''The risk factors for noncommunicable diseases are associated with urbanization and altered lifestyles, especially smoking, physical inactivity, air pollution, unhealthy diet, and excessive alcohol use. Hypertension, obesity, and increased cholesterol levels are measurable indicators predicting adverse outcomes, and specific chronic infections, such as those with hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, are linked to certain cancers. In<ref name=":2" />'' | |||
== SDG == | |||
i''ts heart are the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which are an urgent call for action by all countries - developed and developing - in a global partnership. They recognize that ending poverty and other deprivations must go hand-in-hand with strategies that improve health and education, reduce inequality, and spur economic growth – all while tackling climate change and working to preserve our oceans and forests.'' | |||
''The SDGs build on decades of work by countries and the UN, including the UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs'' | |||
https://sdgs.un.org/goals | https://sdgs.un.org/goals | ||
== References == | == References == | ||
Revision as of 04:32, 30 July 2023
Definition[edit | edit source]
Global health is a broad term that entails promoting health and preventing and treating diseases for all people throughout the globe.[1] It transcends geographical, national and cultural boundaries by targeting populations in all countries. [1] Global health differs from public health in that it focuses on the entire global community versus a specific country or community. [2] Its goal is to protect the world's population against threats to health while delivering cost-effective services.[3] Global health aims to seek broad solutions including partnerships, frameworks, policies, regulations and laws that can be implemented through government and communities. [1]
Issues within global health have a global impact with the goal of seeking a global solution. With economic growth, rapid and uneven paced globalisation and technological development, more health issues are having a global impact. Some examples include, health disparities, internet abuse, spread of sedentary lifestyle, lack of physical activity, rates of substance abuse, obesity, depression and mental health issues.[1] Global solutions are not in the form of medical interventions, but in the form of policies, frameworks, laws and regulations are needed for these global issues. [1]
According to The Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, the following are the top current issues within global health:
- Long COVID
- Mental health
- Impact on climate change
- Cardiovascular disease
- Lower respiratory infection
- Poverty's role in health
- Health systems strengthening
- Diabetes
- Road injuries
- Dementia
- Population aging[4]
Social Determinants of Health[edit | edit source]
The ultimate goal of global health is to promote health, improve health equity and reduce health disparities.[1] To effectively improve health and reduce inequities, social determinants of health needs to addressed. Social determinants of health (SDH) are non-medical factors that influence health outcomes. [5] These factors are conditions in which individuals are born, grow, age, live and work that shape their daily life.[6] SDH's account for 30-55% of health outcomes demonstrating that they may be more important in influencing health rather than health care or lifestyle choices. Therefore, addressing SDH is a critical component to improving global health.[5]
The following are examples of social determinants of health which can have either a positive or negative consequence on health:
- Education
- Income and social protection
- Food Insecurity
- Social inclusion
- Early childhood development
- Unemployment and job insecurity
- Working life conditions
- Housing, basic amenities and the environment
- Structural conflict
- Access to affordable and quality health services[5]
Research shows the lower the individuals' socioeconomic position, the worse their health outcome is. [5]
Lack of access to water and sanitation highlights some of the greatest inequities in global health. Approximatel. high-level meeting on noncommunicable diseases at the General Assembly of the United Nations in 2011, only the second such meeting devoted to health, emphasized how these diseases now dominate health worldwide (37). More than 60% of preventable deaths worldwide are now attributable to noncommunicable diseases (cardiovascular diseases, cancers, diabetes, and chronic respiratory diseases); in low-income and middle-income countries, 48% of such deaths occur in persons <70 years of age, compared with 26% in high-income countries (38). The incidence of these conditions is also increasing rapidly in Africa, a region in which urbanization and population growth are most extreme.
The risk factors for noncommunicable diseases are associated with urbanization and altered lifestyles, especially smoking, physical inactivity, air pollution, unhealthy diet, and excessive alcohol use. Hypertension, obesity, and increased cholesterol levels are measurable indicators predicting adverse outcomes, and specific chronic infections, such as those with hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, are linked to certain cancers. In[3]
SDG[edit | edit source]
its heart are the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which are an urgent call for action by all countries - developed and developing - in a global partnership. They recognize that ending poverty and other deprivations must go hand-in-hand with strategies that improve health and education, reduce inequality, and spur economic growth – all while tackling climate change and working to preserve our oceans and forests.
The SDGs build on decades of work by countries and the UN, including the UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Chen X, Li H, Lucero-Prisno DE, Abdullah AS, Huang J, Laurence C, Liang X, Ma Z, Mao Z, Ren R, Wu S. What is global health? Key concepts and clarification of misperceptions. Global health research and policy. 2020 Dec;5(1):1-8.
- ↑ Beaglehole R, Bonita R. What is global health?. Global Health Action. 2010;3.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 De Cock KM, Simone PM, Davison V, Slutsker L. The new global health. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2013 Aug;19(8):1192.
- ↑ The Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation: 11 global health issues to watch in 2023, according to IHME experts. 2022. Available from: https://www.healthdata.org/news-events/insights-blog/acting-data/11-global-health-issues-watch-2023-according-ihme-experts
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 World Health Organization. Social Determinants of Health. Available from: https://www.who.int/health-topics/social-determinants-of-health#tab=tab_1
- ↑ Saraswathy SY. Global Health Security: Addressing Social Determinants of Health through programmes and other initiatives. Global Security: Health, Science and Policy. 2021 Jan 1;6(1):38-48.
