Muscle Biomechanics: Difference between revisions
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== Components == | == Components == | ||
The skeletal muscles could be organized in three different components based on their function and architecture namely<ref>Bahler AS. Series elastic component of mammalian skeletal muscle. American Journal of Physiology-Legacy Content. 1967 Dec 1;213(6):1560-4. </ref> | The skeletal muscles could be organized in three different components based on their function and architecture namely<ref>Bahler AS. [https://journals.physiology.org/doi/abs/10.1152/ajplegacy.1967.213.6.1560?journalCode=ajplegacy Series elastic component of mammalian skeletal muscle]. American Journal of Physiology-Legacy Content. 1967 Dec 1;213(6):1560-4. </ref> | ||
· The Series Elastic Component (SEC) | · The Series Elastic Component (SEC) | ||
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· The Contractile Component. | · The Contractile Component. | ||
The series and parallel elastic component are defined in relation to their arrangement with the contractile components, the later arranged in line with the contractile components. The parallel elastic component is suggested to consist of the membranes surrounding the contractile components which includes the sarcolemma, sarcoplasmic retinaculum <ref name=":0">Rode C, Siebert T, Herzog W, Blickhan R. The effects of parallel and series elastic components on the active cat soleus force-length relationship. Journal of Mechanics in Medicine and Biology. 2009 Mar;9(01):105-22.</ref>, the perimysium and the epimysium <ref name=":1">Staurt BP. Tidy’s Physiotherapy. Saunders Elsevier 2013</ref>, while the series elastic components reside in the tendons and aponeuroses<ref name=":0" />. | The series and parallel elastic component are defined in relation to their arrangement with the contractile components, the later arranged in line with the contractile components. The parallel elastic component is suggested to consist of the membranes surrounding the contractile components which includes the sarcolemma, sarcoplasmic retinaculum <ref name=":0">Rode C, Siebert T, Herzog W, Blickhan R. [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/224740412_The_effects_of_parallel_and_series_elastic_components_on_the_active_cat_soleus_force-length_relationship The effects of parallel and series elastic components on the active cat soleus force-length relationship]. Journal of Mechanics in Medicine and Biology. 2009 Mar;9(01):105-22.</ref>, the perimysium and the epimysium <ref name=":1">Staurt BP. Tidy’s Physiotherapy. Saunders Elsevier 2013</ref>, while the series elastic components reside in the tendons and aponeuroses<ref name=":0" />. | ||
== Functions == | == Functions == | ||
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== Clinical Implication == | == Clinical Implication == | ||
The ability to stretch muscles (Muscle Compliance) could be explained from the neurological (when considering the neurophysiological basics of muscle tone) and biomechanical models of the skeletal muscle. Intramuscular connective tissue framework (non-contractile components) serves to distribute forces during muscle stretching <ref name=":2">Williams PE, Goldspink G. Connective tissue changes in immobilised muscle. Journal of Anatomy. 1984 Mar;138(Pt 2):343.</ref>. It has been shown that an increase in the collagen to muscle fibre tissue exist as well as reconfiguration of collagen arrangements in immobilised muscles <ref name=":2" /> suggesting the roles of the biomechanical model in clinical management of muscle stiffness and contractures should be put into consideration in the clinical management of such conditions. | The ability to stretch muscles (Muscle Compliance) could be explained from the neurological (when considering the neurophysiological basics of muscle tone) and biomechanical models of the skeletal muscle. Intramuscular connective tissue framework (non-contractile components) serves to distribute forces during muscle stretching <ref name=":2">Williams PE, Goldspink G. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1164074/ Connective tissue changes in immobilised muscle]. Journal of Anatomy. 1984 Mar;138(Pt 2):343.</ref>. It has been shown that an increase in the collagen to muscle fibre tissue exist as well as reconfiguration of collagen arrangements in immobilised muscles <ref name=":2" /> suggesting the roles of the biomechanical model in clinical management of muscle stiffness and contractures should be put into consideration in the clinical management of such conditions. | ||
During plyometric exercises, the SEC is known to store up potential energy that is released during the concentric muscle contraction serving as a spring<ref name=":3">Davies G, Riemann BL, Manske R. | During plyometric exercises, the SEC is known to store up potential energy that is released during the concentric muscle contraction serving as a spring<ref name=":3">Davies G, Riemann BL, Manske R. C[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4637913/ urrent concepts of plyometric exercise]. International journal of sports physical therapy. 2015 Nov;10(6):760.</ref> suggesting the role these components play in shock absorption especially during walking. The perception of DOMS after eccentric contraction is caused by microtrauma to the PEC and the SEC, (Minor SD 1987 as cited by Davies G)<ref name=":3" />. | ||
== '''Conclusion''' == | == '''Conclusion''' == | ||
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Introduction[edit | edit source]
The skeletal muscles are organized multinucleated myofibers, whose function is to generate length and velocity dependent forces for movement or stability. Their function depends on their intrinsic properties and extrinsic arrangement. [1]
Components[edit | edit source]
The skeletal muscles could be organized in three different components based on their function and architecture namely[2]
· The Series Elastic Component (SEC)
· The Parallel Elastic Component (PEC)
· The Contractile Component.
The series and parallel elastic component are defined in relation to their arrangement with the contractile components, the later arranged in line with the contractile components. The parallel elastic component is suggested to consist of the membranes surrounding the contractile components which includes the sarcolemma, sarcoplasmic retinaculum [3], the perimysium and the epimysium [4], while the series elastic components reside in the tendons and aponeuroses[3].
Functions[edit | edit source]
Elasticity is one of the properties of a muscle, necessary for optimal function. These non-contractile components contribute to the passive force generated by the muscles. It is thought that the PEC distributes forces during passive stretching and maintains the alignment of muscle fibers while the SEC serves to store up elastic energy to be released during muscle contraction [4] and play a role in stability during isometric contraction[3]
Clinical Implication[edit | edit source]
The ability to stretch muscles (Muscle Compliance) could be explained from the neurological (when considering the neurophysiological basics of muscle tone) and biomechanical models of the skeletal muscle. Intramuscular connective tissue framework (non-contractile components) serves to distribute forces during muscle stretching [5]. It has been shown that an increase in the collagen to muscle fibre tissue exist as well as reconfiguration of collagen arrangements in immobilised muscles [5] suggesting the roles of the biomechanical model in clinical management of muscle stiffness and contractures should be put into consideration in the clinical management of such conditions.
During plyometric exercises, the SEC is known to store up potential energy that is released during the concentric muscle contraction serving as a spring[6] suggesting the role these components play in shock absorption especially during walking. The perception of DOMS after eccentric contraction is caused by microtrauma to the PEC and the SEC, (Minor SD 1987 as cited by Davies G)[6].
Conclusion[edit | edit source]
Much focus to the contractile components of the muscles is given in clinical practice, and backed up by neurophysiological models explaining force generation, in consideration of Neuronal drive. Bearing in mind these other components and the role of fibre lengths and cross sectional areas in optimal muscle function is also necessary for clinicians. These provides a better theoretical understanding to the concepts of passive stretching, plyometric exercises, etc. in the management of patients.
Resources[edit | edit source]
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ Schneck DJ, Bronzino JD. Biomechanics Principles and Applications. Florida, CRC Press 2002
- ↑ Bahler AS. Series elastic component of mammalian skeletal muscle. American Journal of Physiology-Legacy Content. 1967 Dec 1;213(6):1560-4.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Rode C, Siebert T, Herzog W, Blickhan R. The effects of parallel and series elastic components on the active cat soleus force-length relationship. Journal of Mechanics in Medicine and Biology. 2009 Mar;9(01):105-22.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Staurt BP. Tidy’s Physiotherapy. Saunders Elsevier 2013
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Williams PE, Goldspink G. Connective tissue changes in immobilised muscle. Journal of Anatomy. 1984 Mar;138(Pt 2):343.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Davies G, Riemann BL, Manske R. Current concepts of plyometric exercise. International journal of sports physical therapy. 2015 Nov;10(6):760.
