Multiple Body System Analysis Across the Lifespan: Difference between revisions
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* A 1-minute sit-to-stand (1MSTST) test to quantify exercise capacity measures how many times per minute an individual can stand up and sit on a chair standardised for height.). In ages 5-16, the median number of repetitions is 51-65 <ref>Haile SR, Fühner T, Granacher U, Stocker J, Radtke T, Kriemler S. [https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/bmjopen/11/5/e049143.full.pdf Reference values and validation of the 1-minute sit-to-stand test in healthy 5-16-year-old youth: a cross-sectional study.] BMJ Open. 2021 May 7;11(5):e049143. </ref> | * A 1-minute sit-to-stand (1MSTST) test to quantify exercise capacity measures how many times per minute an individual can stand up and sit on a chair standardised for height.). In ages 5-16, the median number of repetitions is 51-65 <ref>Haile SR, Fühner T, Granacher U, Stocker J, Radtke T, Kriemler S. [https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/bmjopen/11/5/e049143.full.pdf Reference values and validation of the 1-minute sit-to-stand test in healthy 5-16-year-old youth: a cross-sectional study.] BMJ Open. 2021 May 7;11(5):e049143. </ref> | ||
* The Stair Climbing Tests (SCTs) reflect coordination ability.<ref name=":0">Schorling DC, Rawer R, Kuhlmann I, Müller C, Pechmann A, Kirschner J. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9976186/pdf/JMNI-23-004.pdf Mechanographic analysis of the timed 4 stair climb test - methodology and reference data of healthy children and adolescents]. J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact. 2023 Mar 1;23(1):4-25.</ref> The literature describes it in many ways. In one protocol, participants stood with both feet on the lower plateau of the device. The step-down manoeuvre is performed accordingly. The instructions included the following:<ref name=":0" /> | * The Stair Climbing Tests (SCTs) reflect coordination ability.<ref name=":0">Schorling DC, Rawer R, Kuhlmann I, Müller C, Pechmann A, Kirschner J. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9976186/pdf/JMNI-23-004.pdf Mechanographic analysis of the timed 4 stair climb test - methodology and reference data of healthy children and adolescents]. J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact. 2023 Mar 1;23(1):4-25.</ref> The literature describes it in many ways. In one protocol, participants stood with both feet on the lower plateau of the device. The step-down manoeuvre is performed accordingly. The instructions included the following:<ref name=":0" /> | ||
** Climb the four stairs as quickly as possible without running | |||
** Stand still on the upper plateau | |||
** Use the handrail if necessary. | |||
|1MMSTST: ranges from 8.1(patient with stroke), 24 (advanced lung disease)<ref>Watson K, Winship P, Cavalheri V, Vicary C, Stray S, Bear N, Hill K. [https://pdf.sciencedirectassets.com/280397/1-s2.0-S1836955323X00022/1-s2.0-S1836955323000024/main.pdf?X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEBcaCXVzLWVhc3QtMSJHMEUCIFcbElp7LDyYa%2BYlRT9L5YB9EbJoo1Ucm7u8Vu%2FyuTKWAiEA7pXWrKE4QQ3Qg3iuQ1zYPokYBhLZJ8McATYaybpYHh0qswUILxAFGgwwNTkwMDM1NDY4NjUiDM6YVDfyWr4x1QH%2BQCqQBVYTIH34b4oU9WYGaUHBEcD9y26lGtjO95UM4%2F849%2F%2Bjn7ToN5Y078miIm0uTICxr8jwKWWbz%2Bqk6Slvk9YwQyFJ6gS7IeYTJ4C0x8GBAzFSbvn%2FjwmK6hNpi3RBlWGew9yljNhC09pRT7J%2BaLKeLhwCv7guUkd5%2Fh2z9bYbeJlhABnaCxi7%2FxiPuezK5hXsoarKa96Rho9xKWIKdN2HWPGvbO%2B9TzWlanOD9xiJQBMs86szyS5OcyoDheb4uNNWRG3yzxN98rz%2BUtoaZAn86XL3vDD3ViHTJ4D%2FDYc4h6KxZDfnuwRYw6RkilHlbySvGFEHFi%2BgMRXXg7qVg8ZY2h3wmX4PiiUarega75yHL47ixbhglSuhCJxqXYVkVBJfsuW9QGOI%2BeTLvGuq3lU9fnjRJQzx8ajphY6st5R%2F45hAHGN%2BQZ6JjeVqrRJjO4cBbep1KTSTLjCvZuW1p20jGzJfrPrIKdAOLUbr22%2BIUcK9rTdNDHCyGVV9maBkbugIITOFrFVON5492NifODuQTS6KGXUnOaKMMOgydZW66hIcmAXmc3HVO01n0S7zjk%2B6%2FizEhAWKR0Y199Hs47N0O97vdOcQ1rXUGsg52HVM%2FvaI%2B9SfkJhy38BCnqNh24159qyhQRWiOgcLTIJgoNF1FEwR6UGTbouXpr%2FO75k1xiwfT36oQI8V%2FUf5jaOqNTBSjqprVIcklqJu5Ekj0vDZ6TGTi4TtH%2F2t%2B2o0tMAs8F8ofCekGyMnumqxhYRh6C0nEp%2FThPGjyF%2BziaLuNEdiOvsQ0Ffis3mJH77GuuZ2twSgFywqOKcPrqARkF9NNnLrvd70XAgHRVljngk4PKeuepqIAEZftKFBns9lNB%2FTPSPYMPmB8a8GOrEBNeB9sv7osy9GjsyDjkS7kT9hTbDTM2nOw9r5dWm%2BOT0bGQ6mvTtRVT2ZqXRB6EszR0osKnPwj%2Br1dZ3MzxDXBFUUbUJMlcaAsJFlzhYuGhu89YEPUol0ywiqpDMjb4rgOsNir%2Bv2s7y6kY2uYNy5NTUgwwVnmuMdTcYSayN6Ebsd%2BXWPF7QErazkkT2WZeK3IbX3wIOqQ3oqrtv1%2FfxBm5jOJs4nePFDtUY%2FxVJE9rUC&X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Date=20240321T151317Z&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Expires=300&X-Amz-Credential=ASIAQ3PHCVTYU5VRVJ7O%2F20240321%2Fus-east-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Signature=9da6d44a259a40e31751bacf55499604bf103ae2355c875e0d35d376f90dc216&hash=8a0f2a313736765c863d6af2e71b6820b02eff4c02c10d722dcf751b1817bffb&host=68042c943591013ac2b2430a89b270f6af2c76d8dfd086a07176afe7c76c2c61&pii=S1836955323000024&tid=spdf-4ccce8c7-b027-492b-8f86-8ed17fd9bcfd&sid=a852a2a18dfa824a9e0afac0db273552f435gxrqb&type=client&tsoh=d3d3LnNjaWVuY2VkaXJlY3QuY29t&ua=0a025f545206035d5650&rr=867ee29348c6fbde&cc=pl In adults with advanced lung disease, the 1-minute sit-to-stand test underestimates exertional desaturation compared with the 6-minute walk test: an observational study.] J Physiother. 2023 Apr;69(2):108-113. </ref> to 50 (healthy male adult)<ref>Bohannon RW, Crouch R. 1-Minute Sit-to-Stand Test: SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF PROCEDURES, PERFORMANCE, AND CLINIMETRIC PROPERTIES. J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev. 2019 Jan;39(1):2-8.</ref> | |1MMSTST: ranges from 8.1(patient with stroke), 24 (advanced lung disease)<ref>Watson K, Winship P, Cavalheri V, Vicary C, Stray S, Bear N, Hill K. [https://pdf.sciencedirectassets.com/280397/1-s2.0-S1836955323X00022/1-s2.0-S1836955323000024/main.pdf?X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEBcaCXVzLWVhc3QtMSJHMEUCIFcbElp7LDyYa%2BYlRT9L5YB9EbJoo1Ucm7u8Vu%2FyuTKWAiEA7pXWrKE4QQ3Qg3iuQ1zYPokYBhLZJ8McATYaybpYHh0qswUILxAFGgwwNTkwMDM1NDY4NjUiDM6YVDfyWr4x1QH%2BQCqQBVYTIH34b4oU9WYGaUHBEcD9y26lGtjO95UM4%2F849%2F%2Bjn7ToN5Y078miIm0uTICxr8jwKWWbz%2Bqk6Slvk9YwQyFJ6gS7IeYTJ4C0x8GBAzFSbvn%2FjwmK6hNpi3RBlWGew9yljNhC09pRT7J%2BaLKeLhwCv7guUkd5%2Fh2z9bYbeJlhABnaCxi7%2FxiPuezK5hXsoarKa96Rho9xKWIKdN2HWPGvbO%2B9TzWlanOD9xiJQBMs86szyS5OcyoDheb4uNNWRG3yzxN98rz%2BUtoaZAn86XL3vDD3ViHTJ4D%2FDYc4h6KxZDfnuwRYw6RkilHlbySvGFEHFi%2BgMRXXg7qVg8ZY2h3wmX4PiiUarega75yHL47ixbhglSuhCJxqXYVkVBJfsuW9QGOI%2BeTLvGuq3lU9fnjRJQzx8ajphY6st5R%2F45hAHGN%2BQZ6JjeVqrRJjO4cBbep1KTSTLjCvZuW1p20jGzJfrPrIKdAOLUbr22%2BIUcK9rTdNDHCyGVV9maBkbugIITOFrFVON5492NifODuQTS6KGXUnOaKMMOgydZW66hIcmAXmc3HVO01n0S7zjk%2B6%2FizEhAWKR0Y199Hs47N0O97vdOcQ1rXUGsg52HVM%2FvaI%2B9SfkJhy38BCnqNh24159qyhQRWiOgcLTIJgoNF1FEwR6UGTbouXpr%2FO75k1xiwfT36oQI8V%2FUf5jaOqNTBSjqprVIcklqJu5Ekj0vDZ6TGTi4TtH%2F2t%2B2o0tMAs8F8ofCekGyMnumqxhYRh6C0nEp%2FThPGjyF%2BziaLuNEdiOvsQ0Ffis3mJH77GuuZ2twSgFywqOKcPrqARkF9NNnLrvd70XAgHRVljngk4PKeuepqIAEZftKFBns9lNB%2FTPSPYMPmB8a8GOrEBNeB9sv7osy9GjsyDjkS7kT9hTbDTM2nOw9r5dWm%2BOT0bGQ6mvTtRVT2ZqXRB6EszR0osKnPwj%2Br1dZ3MzxDXBFUUbUJMlcaAsJFlzhYuGhu89YEPUol0ywiqpDMjb4rgOsNir%2Bv2s7y6kY2uYNy5NTUgwwVnmuMdTcYSayN6Ebsd%2BXWPF7QErazkkT2WZeK3IbX3wIOqQ3oqrtv1%2FfxBm5jOJs4nePFDtUY%2FxVJE9rUC&X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Date=20240321T151317Z&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Expires=300&X-Amz-Credential=ASIAQ3PHCVTYU5VRVJ7O%2F20240321%2Fus-east-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Signature=9da6d44a259a40e31751bacf55499604bf103ae2355c875e0d35d376f90dc216&hash=8a0f2a313736765c863d6af2e71b6820b02eff4c02c10d722dcf751b1817bffb&host=68042c943591013ac2b2430a89b270f6af2c76d8dfd086a07176afe7c76c2c61&pii=S1836955323000024&tid=spdf-4ccce8c7-b027-492b-8f86-8ed17fd9bcfd&sid=a852a2a18dfa824a9e0afac0db273552f435gxrqb&type=client&tsoh=d3d3LnNjaWVuY2VkaXJlY3QuY29t&ua=0a025f545206035d5650&rr=867ee29348c6fbde&cc=pl In adults with advanced lung disease, the 1-minute sit-to-stand test underestimates exertional desaturation compared with the 6-minute walk test: an observational study.] J Physiother. 2023 Apr;69(2):108-113. </ref> to 50 (healthy male adult)<ref>Bohannon RW, Crouch R. 1-Minute Sit-to-Stand Test: SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF PROCEDURES, PERFORMANCE, AND CLINIMETRIC PROPERTIES. J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev. 2019 Jan;39(1):2-8.</ref> | ||
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|Flexibility/Range of motion | |Flexibility/Range of motion | ||
(spinal and chest wall mobility) | (spinal and chest wall mobility) | ||
|'''Chest wall mobility:''' Age 3 through adulthood: | |'''Chest wall mobility:''' | ||
''Age 3 through adulthood:'' | |||
Chest wall mobility measurement for '''tidal volume excursion''': <ref name=":2">Massery, M. "If You Can't Breathe, You Can't Function" continuing education class 20 hrs. 2008, Chicago, IL. USA [[/www.masserypt.com/|www.MasseryPT.com]] </ref> | Chest wall mobility measurement for '''tidal volume excursion''': <ref name=":2">Massery, M. "If You Can't Breathe, You Can't Function" continuing education class 20 hrs. 2008, Chicago, IL. USA [[/www.masserypt.com/|www.MasseryPT.com]] </ref> | ||
* 3rd rib site: approximately 2/8th | * 3rd rib site: approximately 2/8th | ||
* Xyphoid site: approximately 3/8th | * Xyphoid site: approximately 3/8th | ||
* 1/2 distance site: 4/ | * 1/2 distance site: 4/8th | ||
3rd rib site: approximately 1/8th | ''Pediatric:'' | ||
Xyphoid site: approximately 2/8th | |||
1/2 distance site: 3/8th | * 3rd rib site: approximately 1/8th | ||
* Xyphoid site: approximately 2/8th | |||
* 1/2 distance site: 3/8th | |||
Chest wall measurement for '''vital capacity''':<ref name=":2" /> | Chest wall measurement for '''vital capacity''':<ref name=":2" /> | ||
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== Neurological System == | == Neurological System == | ||
Components of the neurological system examination include : | <blockquote>"Neurons that fire together, wire together."<ref name=":4" />--Eena Kapoor</blockquote><blockquote>"Each time we practise that certain type of movement or certain type of action, we're laying down those pathways in our brain."<ref name=":4" />--Eena Kapoor </blockquote>Components of the neurological system examination include : | ||
* Proprioception | * Proprioception | ||
Line 164: | Line 167: | ||
* Balance deficits are link to proprioceptive functions decline during the ageing process.<ref name=":9" /> | * Balance deficits are link to proprioceptive functions decline during the ageing process.<ref name=":9" /> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |Vestibular system | ||
| | | | ||
* '''"Static balance''' is defined as the ability to sustain various positions of the contour line and the base of support." | * '''"Static balance''' is defined as the ability to sustain various positions of the contour line and the base of support." | ||
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* Dynamic balance tests include ''low-beam walking test.'' | * Dynamic balance tests include ''low-beam walking test.'' | ||
| | | | ||
* Vestibular signals impairment is associated with balance disorders and spatial disorientation in neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. <ref>Coto J, Alvarez CL, Cejas I, Colbert BM, Levin BE, Huppert J, Rundek T, Balaban C, Blanton SH, Lee DJ, Loewenstein D, Hoffer M, Liu XZ. [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1672293021000271 Peripheral vestibular system: Age-related vestibular loss and associated deficits.] J Otol. 2021 Oct;16(4):258-265. </ref> | |||
* Balance testing may include Romberg Test of Standing Balance on Firm and Compliant Support Surfaces. | |||
** Balance test on a foam-padded surface with eyes closed | |||
| | | | ||
* 20-50% of older adults are diagnosed with balance impairment.<ref name=":10">Nnodim JO, Yung RL. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4773046/pdf/nihms754637.pdf Balance and its Clinical Assessment in Older Adults - A Review.] J Geriatr Med Gerontol. 2015;1(1):003.</ref> | * 20-50% of older adults are diagnosed with balance impairment.<ref name=":10">Nnodim JO, Yung RL. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4773046/pdf/nihms754637.pdf Balance and its Clinical Assessment in Older Adults - A Review.] J Geriatr Med Gerontol. 2015;1(1):003.</ref> | ||
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* Function performance tests include postural activities and movements which occur in the course of everyday life: | * Function performance tests include postural activities and movements which occur in the course of everyday life: | ||
** Romberg Test | ** Romberg Test | ||
** The uni pedal stance test (UST) | |||
** The four-square step test (FSST) | |||
** The timed up-and-go test | |||
** Functional reach test (FRT) | |||
|} | |} | ||
=== Interception === | |||
Interception is human's ability to perceive internal bodily states. It is our perception of internal body signals, influences our emotions, decision-making, and sense of self. | |||
This video explores the concept of interception: | |||
For detailed assessment of the neurological system, please refer to the [https://members.physio-pedia.com/neurological-screening-course/ Neurological Screening] course. | For detailed assessment of the neurological system, please refer to the [https://members.physio-pedia.com/neurological-screening-course/ Neurological Screening] course. | ||
Revision as of 23:30, 23 March 2024
Original Editor - User Name
Top Contributors - Ewa Jaraczewska, Jess Bell and Kim Jackson
Introduction[edit | edit source]
Musculoskeletal System[edit | edit source]
The assessment of the functional capacity of the musculoskeletal system should be completed within the context of school, play, work, daily activities, and sport. Due to differences in the levels of reliability and validity for the functional tests, a combination of a questionnaire and a functional test appear to be the best instrument to assess functional capacity of the musculoskeletal system.[1] The following questionnairs are recommended:[1]
- the Oswestry Disability Index
- the Pain Disability Index
- the Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire
- the Upper Extremity Functional Scale
Children/Adolescents | Adults | Older people | |
---|---|---|---|
Muscle strength
(Functional assessment to include sit to stand and stairs) |
|
1MMSTST: ranges from 8.1(patient with stroke), 24 (advanced lung disease)[5] to 50 (healthy male adult)[6] |
|
Flexibility/Range of motion
(spinal and chest wall mobility) |
Chest wall mobility:
Age 3 through adulthood: Chest wall mobility measurement for tidal volume excursion: [11]
Pediatric:
Spinal mobility:
|
Chest wall mobility:
Spinal mobility: Measurement in the standing position using the inclinometer technique:[13]
|
Chest wall mobility:
Spinal mobility: Measurement as for adults.
|
Pain |
|
Functional Pain Scale (FPS) is a tool for the objective assessment of pain and its impact on sleep, ability to complete activities of daily living (ADLs), and concentration:[16]
|
|
Bone Mineral Density |
|
| |
Core Stability |
|
Same as in children/adolescents | Same as in children/adolescents |
Neurological System[edit | edit source]
"Neurons that fire together, wire together."[9]--Eena Kapoor
"Each time we practise that certain type of movement or certain type of action, we're laying down those pathways in our brain."[9]--Eena Kapoor
Components of the neurological system examination include :
- Proprioception
- Ability to determine body segment positions and movements in space[22]
- Vestibular system, including ability to coordinate movement with balance
- Static and dynamic balance
- Interoception
Children/Adolescents | Adults | Older People | |
---|---|---|---|
Proprioception |
|
There are three main testing techniques for assessing proprioception in adults: |
|
Vestibular system |
|
|
|
Interception[edit | edit source]
Interception is human's ability to perceive internal bodily states. It is our perception of internal body signals, influences our emotions, decision-making, and sense of self. This video explores the concept of interception:
For detailed assessment of the neurological system, please refer to the Neurological Screening course.
Integumentary System[edit | edit source]
Adequate skin and other connective tissue mobility is needed for free movement of the underlying structures to provide postural support and assure proper ventilation.[11] If fascial restrictions are present, they may cause multiple impairments.
Gastrointestinal System[edit | edit source]
Cardiopulmonary System[edit | edit source]
Mental Health System[edit | edit source]
Resources[edit | edit source]
- bulleted list
- x
or
- numbered list
- x
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Wind H, Gouttebarge V, Kuijer PP, Frings-Dresen MH. Assessment of functional capacity of the musculoskeletal system in the context of work, daily living, and sport: a systematic review. J Occup Rehabil. 2005 Jun;15(2):253-72.
- ↑ Falk B, Dotan R. Child-adult differences in the recovery from high-intensity exercise. Exerc Sport Sci Rev. 2006 Jul;34(3):107-12.
- ↑ Haile SR, Fühner T, Granacher U, Stocker J, Radtke T, Kriemler S. Reference values and validation of the 1-minute sit-to-stand test in healthy 5-16-year-old youth: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open. 2021 May 7;11(5):e049143.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Schorling DC, Rawer R, Kuhlmann I, Müller C, Pechmann A, Kirschner J. Mechanographic analysis of the timed 4 stair climb test - methodology and reference data of healthy children and adolescents. J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact. 2023 Mar 1;23(1):4-25.
- ↑ Watson K, Winship P, Cavalheri V, Vicary C, Stray S, Bear N, Hill K. In adults with advanced lung disease, the 1-minute sit-to-stand test underestimates exertional desaturation compared with the 6-minute walk test: an observational study. J Physiother. 2023 Apr;69(2):108-113.
- ↑ Bohannon RW, Crouch R. 1-Minute Sit-to-Stand Test: SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF PROCEDURES, PERFORMANCE, AND CLINIMETRIC PROPERTIES. J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev. 2019 Jan;39(1):2-8.
- ↑ Strassmann A, Steurer-Stey C, Lana KD, Zoller M, Turk AJ, Suter P, Puhan MA. Population-based reference values for the 1-min sit-to-stand test. Int J Public Health. 2013 Dec;58(6):949-53.
- ↑ Gagliano-Jucá T, Li Z, Pencina KM, Traustadóttir T, Travison TG, Woodhouse L, Basaria S, Tsitouras PD, Harman SM, Bhasin S, Storer TW. The Stair Climb Power Test as an Efficacy Outcome in Randomized Trials of Function Promoting Therapies in Older Men. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2020 May 22;75(6):1167-1175.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 Kapoor E. Multiple Body System Analysis Across the Lifespan. Plus course 2024
- ↑ Brodowski H, Andres N, Gumny M, Eicher C, Steinhagen-Thiessen E, Tannen A, Kiselev J.Reliability of stair-climbing speed in two cohorts of older adults.International Journal of Therapy and Rehabilitation 2021; 28(11):1-15.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Massery, M. "If You Can't Breathe, You Can't Function" continuing education class 20 hrs. 2008, Chicago, IL. USA www.MasseryPT.com
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 Kondratek M, Krauss J, Stiller C, Olson R. Normative values for active lumbar range of motion in children. Pediatr Phys Ther. 2007 Fall;19(3):236-44.
- ↑ Waddell G, Somerville D, Henderson I, Newton M. Objective clinical evaluation of physical impairment in chronic low back pain. Spine 1992;17:617–28.
- ↑ Saidu IA, Maduagwu SM, Abbas AD, Adetunji OO, Jajere AM. Lumbar spinal mobility changes among adults with advancing age. J Midlife Health. 2011 Jul;2(2):65-71.
- ↑ Sansone L, Gentile C, Grasso EA, Di Ludovico A, La Bella S, Chiarelli F, Breda L. Pain Evaluation and Treatment in Children: A Practical Approach. Children (Basel). 2023 Jul 13;10(7):1212.
- ↑ Adeboye A, Hart R, Senapathi SH, Ali N, Holman L, Thomas HW. Assessment of Functional Pain Score by Comparing to Traditional Pain Scores. Cureus. 2021 Aug 3;13(8):e16847.
- ↑ BioPsychoSocial Assessment Tools for the Elderly - Assessment Summary Sheet. Available from https://instruct.uwo.ca/kinesiology/9641/Assessments/Biological/FPS.html [last access 22.03.2024]
- ↑ 18.0 18.1 McVey MK, Geraghty AA, O'Brien EC, McKenna MJ, Kilbane MT, Crowley RK, Twomey PJ, McAuliffe FM. The impact of diet, body composition, and physical activity on child bone mineral density at five years of age-findings from the ROLO Kids Study. Eur J Pediatr. 2020 Jan;179(1):121-131.
- ↑ Padilla Colón CJ, Molina-Vicenty IL, Frontera-Rodríguez M, García-Ferré A, Rivera BP, Cintrón-Vélez G, Frontera-Rodríguez S. Muscle and Bone Mass Loss in the Elderly Population: Advances in diagnosis and treatment. J Biomed (Syd). 2018;3:40-49.
- ↑ 20.0 20.1 Liu CK, Leng X, Hsu FC, et al. The impact of sarcopenia on a physical activity intervention: the Lifestyle Interventions and Independence for Elders Pilot Study (LIFE-P) J Nutr Health Aging. 2014;18(1):59–64.
- ↑ Johnston AP, De Lisio M, Parise G. Resistance training, sarcopenia, and the mitochondrial theory of aging. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2008 Feb;33(1):191-9.
- ↑ Han J, Waddington G, Adams R, Anson J, Liu Y. Assessing proprioception: A critical review of methods. J Sport Health Sci. 2016 Mar;5(1):80-90.
- ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 23.3 23.4 Chu VWT. Assessing Proprioception in Children: A Review. J Mot Behav. 2017 Jul-Aug;49(4):458-466.
- ↑ 24.0 24.1 Yang N, Waddington G, Adams R, Han J. Joint position reproduction and joint position discrimination at the ankle are not related. Somatosens Mot Res. 2020 Jun;37(2):97-105.
- ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 25.3 Ferlinc A, Fabiani E, Velnar T, Gradisnik L. The Importance and Role of Proprioception in the Elderly: a Short Review. Mater Sociomed. 2019 Sep;31(3):219-221.
- ↑ Coto J, Alvarez CL, Cejas I, Colbert BM, Levin BE, Huppert J, Rundek T, Balaban C, Blanton SH, Lee DJ, Loewenstein D, Hoffer M, Liu XZ. Peripheral vestibular system: Age-related vestibular loss and associated deficits. J Otol. 2021 Oct;16(4):258-265.
- ↑ 27.0 27.1 27.2 Nnodim JO, Yung RL. Balance and its Clinical Assessment in Older Adults - A Review. J Geriatr Med Gerontol. 2015;1(1):003.