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| '''Original Editor '''- [[User:Tim Yun|Tim Yun]] and [[User:Andrew Slegel|Andrew Slegel]] as part of the [[Temple University Evidence-Based Practice Project|Temple University EBP Project]] | | '''Original Editor '''- --[[User:Marie Avau|Marie Avau]] 17:24, 15 September 2015 (BST)Marie Avau , Debby Decock, Farrie Bakalli, Margaux Jacobs |
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| '''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Contributors/{{FULLPAGENAME}}}} | | '''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Contributors/{{FULLPAGENAME}}}} |
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| == Clinically Relevant Anatomy<br> == | | == 1. Search strategy<br> == |
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| The five metacarpal bones form the skeleton of the palm of the hand between the carpal bones and the phalanges. Each are comprised of a base, shaft, and head. The proximal bases of the metacarpals articulate with the carpal bones, and the distal heads of the metacarpals articulate with the proximal phalanges and form the knuckles. The 1st metacarpal (of the thumb) is the thickest and shortest of these bones. The 3rd metacarpal is distinguished by a styloid process on the lateral side of its base. Soft tissues generally involved with fractures include cartilage, joint capsule, ligaments, fascia, and the dorsal hood fibers. With severe polytrauma cases, the tendons and nerves adjacent to the fracture can also be injured<ref name="Hardy" />.<br>
| | To get a first global view on our topic, we inserted words like metacarpal fracture, anatomy of the hand, fractures of the metacarpals, … in Pedro and PubMed. Then, to complete every part of our subject, we continued with terms like: diagnosis of metacarpal fracture, treatment, epidemiology and characteristics and physical therapy after metacarpal fractures. With the articles and links we found with this keywords, we completed a big part of our task. After this, some of the items were still incomplete or empty, so we did a more thorough search for medical and physical therapy, examination, outcome measures and recent related research. We putted words like treatment of metacarpal fractures, outcome measures of hand fractures and physical therapy metacarpal fractures in the available databases (Pedro, PubMed, research gate, springer link, Medscape, …) |
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| [[Image:Hand_and_wrist_bones_II.JPG|center]]
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| == Mechanism of Injury / Pathological Process<br> ==
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| Metacarpal Base Fractures: These fractures are intra-articular and result from high forces (violent accidents), direct blows, or crushing injuries that disrupt the rigid carpal ligaments, or overwhelm the normal flexibility of the ulnar metacarpals. They also occur with an avulsion of the wrist flexors or extensors, that insert on the metacarpal base, resulting from a direct blow or torsional injury. The most common occurrence is at the 5th metacarpal-hamate articulation. The healing rate varies from three to six weeks<ref name="Hardy" />.<br>
| | == 2. Definition/ Description<br> == |
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| Metacarpal Shaft Fractures: These fractures are extra-articular and are caused by longitudinal compression, torsion, or direct impact that may result from a fall, blow, or crushing force that usually angulates dorsally. They are described by the fracture configuration as transverse, oblique, spiral, or comminuted. Metacarpal shaft fractures are slower to heal than the more distal or proximal locations because of the predominantly cortical bone found there. The healing rate varies from three to seven weeks<ref name="Hardy" />.<br> | | A metacarpal fracture is a break in one of the five metacarpal bones of either hand. Metacarpal fractures are categorized as being fractures of the head, neck, shaft, and base (from distal at the metacarpal phalangeal joint to proximal at the wrist). [1,2 Blomberg et al, level 5,8]<br>Thereby we also have the Boxer fracture, this is another name for a fracture of the fourth or fifth metacarpal. This is one of the most common metacarpal fractures, in contrast with the fractures of the thumb (Bennett’s and Rolando’s fracture). [2] (Blomberg et al, level 5)<br> |
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| Metacarpal Neck Fractures: Most common metacarpal fracture. The weakest point of the metacarpal bone is the extra-articular neck. These fractures result from a compression force such as a direct blow with a closed fist. The 4th and 5th metacarpals are most often involved and are referred to as a “fighter’s” or “boxer’s” fracture. Trauma causes the fractured metacarpal head to displace with volar angulation. The healing rate is three to five weeks<ref name="Hardy" />.
| | == 3. Clinically Relevant Anatomy<br> == |
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| <br>Metacarpal Head Fractures: These fractures are intra-articular and are caused by direct impact and high axial loads that can involve avulsion of the collateral ligaments, including a fracture fragment, fracture of one or both condyles, or shattering of the joint surface into many small, comminuted pieces<ref name="Hardy" />.<br><br>
| | The hand is composed of 19 bones (5 metacarpals and 14 phalanges), more than 30 tendinous insertions and numerous complex structures. The metacarpals are long, thin bones which are located between the carpal bones in the wrist and the phalanges in the digits.[4,17]<br> |
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| [[Image:Types_of_metacarpal_fractures.jpg|center]]
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| == Clinical Presentation ==
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| Metacarpal fractures represent 35% of all hand fractures and up to 85% occur in men2,3. Sports account for 12.8% of all fractures, with simple falls among elderly people (45.3%) and direct blows/assault (14.1%) being the two major causes<ref name="Aitken">Aitken S, Court-Brown CM. The epidemiology of sports-related fractures of the hand. Injury, Int. J. Care Injured (2008) 39, 1377-1383.</ref>. Due to their good blood supply, metacarpal fractures heal rapidly with osseous restoration in six weeks1. Fractures of these bones are described at four distinct locations: the base, shaft, neck and head. Of all hand fractures, fractures of the 5th metacarpal bone at the level of the neck are the most common, accounting for 16-34%<sup><ref name="Freidrich">Freidrich, JB, Vedder, NB. An Evidence-Based Approach to Metacarpal Fractures. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 126: 2205, 2010.</ref>,<ref name="Gudmundsen">Gudmundsen TE, Borgen L. Fractures of the fifth metacarpal. Acta Radiol 2009;50:fckLR296-300.</ref></sup>. Patients with metacarpal fractures generally present with pain, swelling, ecchymosis or discoloration, limitation of movement, and often deformity. Knuckle asymmetry may be observed, and the knuckle may appear to be missing. Finger misalignment may also be noted. In patients with a metacarpal head fracture, axial compression of the extended digit causes severe discomfort. In patients with a metacarpal base fracture, movement of the wrist or longitudinal compression exacerbates the pain. Any metacarpal fracture angulation can produce a pseudo-claw deformity.<br>
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| == Diagnostic Procedures ==
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| Physical examination and radiographs can be considered the definitive standard for diagnosis of metacarpal fractures. Physical examination of a suspected metacarpal fracture should concentrate on hand deformity, tenderness, digit malrotation, and presence of open wounds. Painful range of motion, point specific bone tenderness and ecchymosis should be considered red flags for fractures during a clinical physical examination. Routine radiographs include three views: anteroposterior, lateral, and oblique. These views assist in properly assessing angulation of fracture fragments as well as involved joint surfaces. Computed Tomography scans, or CT scans, may be ordered to evaluate complicated fractures<sup><ref name="Freidrich" />,<ref name="Kozin">Kozin SH, Thoder JJ, Leiberman G. Operative Treatment of Metacarpal and Phalangeal Shaft Fractures. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 2000;8:111-121.</ref></sup>.<br>
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| == Outcome Measures ==
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| -Grip Strength<br>-Range of motion<br>-Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand score (QuickDASH)<br>-Michigan Hand Outcome Questionnaire (MHO)<br>-Patient Evaluation Measure (PEM)<br><br>
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| == Management / Interventions<br> ==
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| Fracture must be stable in order to heal. <br>Stable fractures are those that will maintain their position at rest and will not lose approximation with muscle tension or controlled motion. These fractures only require protective immobilization to allow healing. Closed methods of supports for 2-3 weeks, then use removable splint for controlled motion.<br>Potential unstable fractures are those that are aligned, but may get misaligned with certain positions or tension. These are treated with immobilization that maintains reduction or restriction of motion towards position of instability. As healing occurs, immobilization can be modified to allow incremental increases in ROM.<br>Unstable fractures are those that do not maintain reduction. Displacement occurs even with immobilization. Fixation devices are warranted<ref name="Hardy">Hardy MA. Principles of Metacarpal and Phalangeal Fracture Management: A Review of Rehabilitation Concepts. Journal of Orthopedic and Sports Physical Therapy. 2004; 34:781-791.</ref>,<ref name="Lastayo">Lastayo PC, Winters KM, Hardy M. Fracture Healing: Bone Healing, Fracture Management, and Current Concepts Related to the Hand. J Hand Ther. 2003;16:81 - 93.</ref>.<br><br>Two facts must be provided with therapy referral: date of fracture and method of fixation. Date of fracture provides a timetable on where the bone healing process is. Knowing the method of fixation will determine when motion can be introduced. Open reduction fixations can begin AROM earlier<ref name="Hardy" />.
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| Edema Control: Patient should be educated on edema control early on in treatment. Rest, ice, compression, and elevation should be emphasized. MP joint flexion exercises while fingers are adducted will promote venous return via intrinsic muscle pumping<ref name="Hardy" />.<br><br>Tendon glides: Flexor differential gliding of the digitorum superficialis and profundus tendons are important in order to prevent adhesions and maintain AROM are recommended<ref name="Hardy" />,<ref name="Lastayo" />.<br><br>Specific Fracture Regions<br><br>Metacarpal Base Fractures: 4-6 weeks of closed reduction casting for non-displaced or minimally displaced fractures. ORIF for displaced fractures to restore approximation. Prolonged immobilization is necessary in order to prevent deformity from force from wrist tendon insertions<ref name="Hardy" />.<br><br>Metacarpal Shaft Fractures: Stable, non-displaced fractures can be treated closed. Incorporate 3 points of reduction pressure and allow for free active joint motion. Unstable fractures require additional support such as radial/ulnar gutter splints on displaced metacarpal and adjacent uninvolved metacarpal. Early motion is key<ref name="Hardy" />.<br><br>Metacarpal Neck Fractures: Once head is properly aligned with shaft, hold MP joint in over 70 degrees flexion, in order that collateral ligaments will help secure head in place. For unstable fractures, a closed reduction with percutaneous pining with K-wires is recommended. At 4-6 weeks when K-wires are removed, full AROM should be regained<ref name="Hardy" />.<br><br>Metacarpal Head Fractures: For collateral ligament avulsions, if non-displaced, splint for 4-6 weeks with MP joint in 50-70 degrees flexion. If displaced, ORIF with fixation that allows for early protected motion is recommended. Comminuted fractures can be treated with closed immobilization in a radial/ulnar gutter splint with MP joints flexed at 70 degrees<ref name="Hardy" />.<br><br>
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| == Differential Diagnosis<br> ==
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| Hand dislocation<br>Metacarpophalangeal joint dislocation<br>Skiers’ Thumb<br><br>
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| == Key Evidence ==
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| Hardy MA. Principles of Metacarpal and Phalangeal Fracture Management: A Review of Rehabilitation Concepts. Journal of Orthopedic and Sports Physical Therapy. 2004; 34:781-791.<br>
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| == Resources <br> ==
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| [http://www.wheelessonline.com/ortho/hand_and_metacarpal_fractures Hand and Metacarpal Fractures]
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| == Case Studies ==
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| Boulton CL, Salzler M, Mudgal CS. Intramedullary Cannulated Headless Screw Fixation of a Comminuted Subcapital Metacarpal Fracture: Case Report. J Hand Surg 2010;<br>35A:1260 –1263.<br><br>
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| == Recent Related Research (from [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/ Pubmed]) ==
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| <div class="researchbox">
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| <rss>http://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/erss.cgi?rss_guid=1NYYLF8F8KblIH5S1MPLpP-NG_uMgg7Tmbfbm_ghG1wxIOdEE2|charset=UTF-8|short|max=10</rss>
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| </div>
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| == References ==
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| References will automatically be added here, see [[Adding References|adding references tutorial]].
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| <references />
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| [[Category:Hand]] [[Category:Musculoskeletal/Orthopaedics]] [[Category:Temple_Student_Project]]
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