Hypercalcemia: Difference between revisions
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== Characteristics/Clinical Presentation<br> == | == Characteristics/Clinical Presentation<br> == | ||
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| ''' System''' | | ''' System''' | ||
| '''Signs/symptoms''' | | '''Signs/symptoms''' | ||
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'''Musculoskeletal''' | '''Musculoskeletal''' | ||
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* Muscle pain, tenderness, and weakness | * Muscle pain, tenderness, and weakness | ||
*Muscle spasms | *Muscle spasms | ||
*Bone pain (worse at night and with weightbearing) | *Bone pain (worse at night and with weightbearing) | ||
*Pathological fracture | *Pathological fracture | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|'''Central Nervous System''' | | '''Central Nervous System''' | ||
| | | | ||
*Drowsiness, lethargy, coma | *Drowsiness, lethargy, coma | ||
*Irritability, personality changes<br> | *Irritability, personality changes<br> | ||
*Confusion | *Confusion | ||
*Headaches | *Headaches | ||
*Depression, memory loss, difficulty concentrating | *Depression, memory loss, difficulty concentrating | ||
*Visual disturbances | *Visual disturbances | ||
*Balance/coordination problems | *Balance/coordination problems | ||
*Changes in deep tendon reflexes (hypo/hyperreflexia) | *Changes in deep tendon reflexes (hypo/hyperreflexia) | ||
*Change in muscle tone ( in individuals with pre-existing neurological condition) | *Change in muscle tone ( in individuals with pre-existing neurological condition) | ||
*Positive Babinski and/or clonus reflex | *Positive Babinski and/or clonus reflex | ||
*Changes in bowel/bladder function | *Changes in bowel/bladder function | ||
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'''Gastrointenstinal ''' | '''Gastrointenstinal ''' | ||
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*Anorexia (loss of appetite) | *Anorexia (loss of appetite) | ||
*Nausea/vomiting | *Nausea/vomiting | ||
*Constipation | *Constipation | ||
*Dehydration | *Dehydration | ||
*Excessive thirst | *Excessive thirst | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''Cardiovascular''' | | '''Cardiovascular''' | ||
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*Hypertension | *Hypertension | ||
*Arrythmia | *Arrythmia | ||
*Cardiac arrest | *Cardiac arrest | ||
Revision as of 02:39, 6 April 2013
Original Editors - Whitney Browning & Natalie Elliott from Bellarmine University's Pathophysiology of Complex Patient Problems project.
Lead Editors - Your name will be added here if you are a lead editor on this page. Read more.
Definition/Description
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Hypercalcemia is characterized by elevated calcium levels in the blood. It may include symptoms associated with the musculoskeletal, neurological, cardiovascular, and gastrointestinal systems. Hypercalcemia is often a sign or symptom of other disease occurring within the body. Normal calcium levels range from 8.2-10.2 mg/dL. Mild hypercalcemia occurs when this level drops to 12mg/dL and severe hypercalcemia is classified as serum calcium at 14mg/dL.
Prevalence[edit | edit source]
Hypercalcemia is a rather common medical emergency. Between 20-40% of patients suffering from cancer develp this during the course of their disease. It is considered the most common serious electrolyte presenting in adults with malignancies. This disorder often occurs in cases of metastatic bone disease with osteolytic lesion, breast cancer and myeloma. This is related to an increase in bone resorption caused by tumor cell production of parathyroid hormone-related protein that stimulates osteoclasts. It is also associated with primary hyperparathyroidism which occurs in 25 per 100,000 individuals and 75 per 100,000 hospitalized patients. This condition is the most common cause of mild hypercalcemia and can be treated through outpatient care. More than 50,000 cases occur in the U.S. each year.
Characteristics/Clinical Presentation
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| System | Signs/symptoms |
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Musculoskeletal |
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| Central Nervous System |
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Gastrointenstinal
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| Cardiovascular |
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Associated Co-morbidities[edit | edit source]
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Medications[edit | edit source]
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Diagnostic Tests/Lab Tests/Lab Values[edit | edit source]
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Etiology/Causes[edit | edit source]
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Systemic Involvement[edit | edit source]
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Medical Management (current best evidence)[edit | edit source]
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Physical Therapy Management (current best evidence)[edit | edit source]
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Alternative/Holistic Management (current best evidence)[edit | edit source]
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Differential Diagnosis[edit | edit source]
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Case Reports/ Case Studies[edit | edit source]
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Resources
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Recent Related Research (from Pubmed)[edit | edit source]
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References[edit | edit source]
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