Glenoid Labrum

Original Editor - Priyanka Chugh

Top Contributors - Priyanka Chugh, Kim Jackson, Lucinda hampton, Wendy Snyders, Naomi O'Reilly, 127.0.0.1 and Wanda van Niekerk

Introduction

Glenoid Labrum (marked lig.)

The glenoid labrum is a fibrocartilaginous complex that attaches as a rim to the articular cartilage of the glenoid fossa. Its role is to deepen and increase the surface area of the glenoid (acting as a static stabiliser of the glenohumeral joint); resist anterior and posterior movement and assist with blocking shoulder dislocation and subluxation at the maximal ranges of motion.

The labrum is frequently involved in shoulder pathology by acute trauma (e.g. shoulder dislocation) or more commonly by repeated microtrauma, e.g. shoulder subluxation.

Structure

Glenoid labrum basics:

• Made of fibrocartilage, 3 mm thick and 4 mm wide (highly variable).
• The labrum is most commonly triangular or round on cross-section.
• Inferior to the equatorial pole of the glenoid, the labrum gradually becomes rounder and smaller in contrast to superiorly , where it is more triangular in shape and larger.

Attachments

• Superiorly: tendon of the long head of biceps brachii
• Anteriorly: superior glenohumeral ligament; middle glenohumeral ligament (variably)
• Inferiorly: inferior glenohumeral ligament consisting of an anterior band, axillary pouch, and a posterior band

Clinical Presentation

Patients with tears of the glenoid labrum present with an extensive range of non-specific symptoms including:

• Discomfort/pain, unable to pinpoint.
• Joint weakness and/or instability
• Clicking

Anatomic Variants

• Inconsistent cross-sectional shape: blunted, cleaved, notched or flat.
• Medialised posterior labrum
• Anterior capsulolabral insertion variance

Biomechanics

The labrum's most important functions include:

1. Increasing the contact area between humeral head and scapula.
2. Helping in the provision of the “viscoelastic piston” effect. This is particularly effective against traction traction stress.
3. Providing insertion for stabilising structures, as a fibrous “crossroad”.

Accuracy of Assessment

The ability to predict the presence of a glenoid labral tear by physical examination was compared with that of magnetic resonance imaging (conventional and arthro gram) and confirmed with arthroscopy. The main points of study include:

• 37 men and 17 women (average age, 34 years) in the study group, 64% were throwing athletes and 61% recalled specific traumatic events.
• Clinical assessment included history with specific attention to pain with overhead activities, clicking, and instances of shoulder instability.
• Physical examination included the apprehension, relocation, load and shift, inferior sulcus sign, and crank tests.
• Shoulder arthroscopy confirmed labral tears in 41 patients (76%).
• Magnetic resonance imaging produced a sensitivity of 59% and a specificity of 85%.
• Physical examination yielded a sensitivity of 90% and a specificity of 85%.

Conclusion: Physical examination is more accurate in predicting glenoid labral tears than magnetic resonance imaging. In this era of cost containment, completing the diagnostic workup in the clinic without expensive additional studies allows the patient's care to proceed in the most timely and economic fashion.

Location of Injuries

Bankart lesion, a glenoid labrum injury

Labral injuries are named according to their location:

• Superior labrum: SLAP lesions are the most common and includes 8 types of SLAP tears. Less frequently, Andrew's lesion can occur.
• Anterior labral tear: This is very rare and is a pure anterior tear associated with a medial glenohumeral ligament tear.
• Posterior labrum: Less frequent when compared to anterior tears. It is caused by Walch’s internal impingement in the stable shoulder. There are various contributing factors including anterior capsule insufficiency, humeral retroversion or posteroinferior capsule contracture.
• Anteroinferior labrum: Typically found in shoulders with acute or chronic anterior instability. Injury types include: Bankart lesion; Perthes lesion; glenolabral articular disruption lesion (GLAD); anterior labroligamentous periosteal sleeve avulsion lesion (ALPSA). Bankart lesions are the most common type of injury in the unstable shoulder.
• Posteroinferior labrum: These injuries are found in the rare cases of posterior instability. Injuries include reverse Bankart lesion; and Kim's lesion (superficial tears between the posterior glenoid labrum and glenoid articular cartilage without labral detachment). Other lesions include posterior GLAD and posterior labrocapsular periosteal sleeve avulsion lesion (POLPSA).
• Circumferential labral lesion

Treatment and prognosis

Painful tears:

SLAP: There is debate between tenodesis of the long head of biceps brachii tendon versus suturing the labral tear. In flap or bucket-handle tears, treatment can be as simple as a resection of the bucket-handle followed by a check of the biceps footplate insertion stability. Tenodesis is probably the most effective and final option. The French Arthroscopy Society suggests that suturing can be done in athletic, under 20 years old persons and that for the rest, biceps tenodesis and tenotomy should be done.

Walch’s internal impingement: Rehabilitation by a physiotherapist is the first-line of treatment. Should conservative management fail, the old successful surgery option is Lévigne glenoidplasty.

Cases of instability:

Anterior instability: In summary, arthroscopy is performed to reinsert the detached anterior labrum and capsule and to treat any associated lesions. When bone-blocks are done, resection of the anterior labral tear will be done.

Posterior instability: Reliability of arthroscopic posterior stabilisation is improving and includes suturing the labrum onto the posterior edge of the glenoid cavity.

For anterior and posterior instability, prognosis depends on associated (especially cartilage) lesions.