Galveston Orientation & Amnesia Test
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Objective
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The Galveston Orientation and Amnesia Test (GOAT) is an instrument originally created by Levin, O’Donnel, and Grossman and first published in 1979[1]. It was developed to evaluate cognition serially during the subacute stage of recovery from closed head injury (CHI). This practical scale measures orientation to person, place, and time, and memory for events preceding and following the injury. The GOAT assesses post-traumatic amnesia (PTA) and retrograde amnesia (RA) in patients who have had a severe traumatic brain injury (TBI)[2]. The GOAT is designed to be a practical, reliable scale that can be used at the bedside or in the emergency room by health service providers of various disciplines. It is important in determining outcome and prognosis[2].
Intended Population
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TBI patients with closed head injuries[2].
Method of Use[edit | edit source]
Figure 1
Scoring
The 10 items comprising the GOAT are presented orally to the patient in the order given in Figure 1. The test form has space for recording the patient’s responses in the error score column. Error points which are points to be deducted for an incorrect response, appear in the error score column[2]. Details on how to calculate error scores when listening to the patient’s response are provided in the notes column. The total GOAT score is obtained by deducting the sum of the error points from 100[3].
Interpretation
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Evidence[edit | edit source]
Reliability[edit | edit source]
Validity[edit | edit source]
Responsiveness[edit | edit source]
Miscellaneous
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Links[edit | edit source]
Galveston Orientation & Amnesia Test Assessment
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ Bode RK, Heinemann AW, Semik P. Measurement properties of the Galveston Orientation and Amnesia Test (GOAT) and improvement patterns during inpatient rehabilitation. The Journal of head trauma rehabilitation. 2000 Feb 1;15(1):637-55.
- ↑ Cifu DX, Keyser-Marcus L, Lopez E, Wehman P, Kreutzer JS, Englander J, High W. Acute predictors of successful return to work 1 year after traumatic brain injury: a multicenter analysis. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation. 1997 Feb 1;78(2):125-31.
- ↑ Ewing-Cobbs L, Levin HS, Fletcher JM, Miner ME, Eisenberg HM. The Children's Orientation and Amnesia Test: relationship to severity of acute head injury and to recovery of memory. Neurosurgery. 1990 Nov 1;27(5):683-91.
- ↑ Forrester G, Encel J, Geffen G. Measuring post-traumatic amnesia (PTA): an historical review. Brain Injury. 1994 Jan 1;8(2):175-84.
- ↑ Fürbringer e Silva SC, Sousa RM. Galveston Orientation Amnesia Test (GOAT). Revista da Escola de Enfermagem da USP. 2009 Dec;43(SPE):1027-33.
- ↑ Ganti L, Daneshvar Y, Ayala S, Bodhit AN, Peters KR. The value of neurocognitive testing for acute outcomes after mild traumatic brain injury. Military medical research. 2016 Dec;3(1):23.
- ↑ Katz DI, Alexander MP. Traumatic brain injury: predicting course of recovery and outcome for patients admitted to rehabilitation. Archives of neurology. 1994 Jul 1;51(7):661-70.
- ↑ Levin HS, O'donnell VM, Grossman RG. The Galveston Orientation and Amnesia Test: A practical scale to assess cognition after head injury. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 1979 Nov.
- ↑ Moin P, Khalighinejad N, Yusefi A, Farajzadegan Z, Barekatain M. Converting three general-cognitive function scales into persian and assessment of their validity and reliability. International journal of preventive medicine. 2011 Apr;2(2):82.
- ↑ Novack TA, Bergquist TF, Bennett G, Gouvier WD. Primary caregiver distress following severe head injury. The Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation. 1991 Dec.
- ↑ Wade DT. Measurement in neurological rehabilitation. Current opinion in neurology and neurosurgery. 1992 Oct;5(5):682-6.
- ↑ Zafonte RD, Mann NR, Millis SR, Black KL, Wood DL, Hammond F. Posttraumatic amnesia: its relation to functional outcome. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation. 1997 Oct 1;78(10):1103-6.
