Clubbing

Original Editor - User Name
Top Contributors - Kalyani Yajnanarayan

This article is currently under review and may not be up to date. Please come back soon to see the finished work! (13/05/2022)

Clinically Relevant Anatomy

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Mechanism of Injury / Pathological Process

Clubbing is often associated with numerous gastrointestinal and cardiorespiratory diseases. Such as:

• Lung cancer
• Cystic Fibrosis
• Bronchiectasis
• Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
• Endocarditis
• Congenital heart disease
• Ulcerative colitis
• Crohn's disease
• Liver disease (primary biliary cirrhosis)
  

Clinical Presentation

Stages of digital clubbing.

stage 1: peri-ungual erythema and softening of nail bed

stage 2: increase in the normal 160° angle between the nail bed and the proximal nail fold occurs, resulting in convexity as the nails grow. Eventually, the depth of distal phalanx increases and distal inter-phalangeal joint may become hyper-extensible. At this stage, finger develops a clubbed appearance

Stage 3: Finally, the nail and peri-ungual skin appear shiny and nail develops longitudinal ridging. This whole process usually takes years but in certain conditions, clubbing may develop sub-acutely (e.g. lung abscess, empyema thorasis).

Diagnostic Procedures

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Outcome Measures

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Management / Interventions

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Differential Diagnosis

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Resources

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