Anatomy of the Canine Spine: Difference between revisions

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Axis is the second cervical vertebra and is the longest vertebra. The atlantoaxial joint is the pivot joint and has a loose joint capsule. The dens of the axis is connected to the occipital bone through the apical ligament.<ref name=":1" />  
Axis is the second cervical vertebra and is the longest vertebra. The atlantoaxial joint is the pivot joint and has a loose joint capsule. The dens of the axis is connected to the occipital bone through the apical ligament.<ref name=":1" />  


The cervical vertebrae are obliquely oriented in the transverse plane. The cranial articular processes face dorsomedially whereas the caudal articular processes face ventrolaterally. <ref name=":1" />   
The cervical vertebrae are obliquely oriented in the transverse plane. The cranial articular processes face dorsomedially whereas the caudal articular processes face ventrolaterally. <ref name=":1" />
 
Nuchal ligament is a paired band of connective tissue that spinous process of cervical vertebrae to the spinous process of thoracic vertebra (from axis to T1).<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> The ligamentum flavum, dorsal longitudinal ligament and ventral longitudinal ligament are similar to that of human being. The ligamentum flavum connects the lamina of adjacent lamina. The anterior longitudinal ligament attaches to the front of each vertebra and posterior longitudinal ligament runs at the posterior aspect of spine and inside of the spinal cord.<ref name=":1" />
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Muscles of the cervical spine
!Muscle
!Origin
!Insertion
!Innervation
!Action
|-
!Omotransversarius
!Lower spine of scapula
!Wings of atlas
!Ventral branches of local cervical spinal nerve
!Advances limb
Moves neck laterally
|-
!Brachiocephalicus
'''Clavicle embedded in brachiocephalicus divides the muscle in two'''
 
'''namely cleidobrachilais and cleidomastoideus'''
!
!
!
!
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== Thoracic spine ==  


== References ==
== References ==
<references />
<references />

Revision as of 08:00, 9 March 2021

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Introduction[edit | edit source]

The anatomy of the canine spine is almost similar to the human spine. The spine of the canine also supports weight and encloses the spinal cord. The spine is located along the dorsal/top side of the canine's body and runs from the base of the head to the end of the tail. [1]

The canine spine is divided into five regions: cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and caudal. There are 7 cervical vertebrae, 13 thoracic vertebrae, 7 lumbar vertebrae, 3 sacral vertebrae and the number of caudal vertebrae varies according to the species.[2]

Cervical spine[edit | edit source]

Atlas and axis are the first two cervical vertebrae respectively.

The atlanto-occipital joint is a condylar modified synovial hinge joint. The capsule of the joint is strengthened by three thickenings: dorsal, ventral, and lateral.[3]The transverse process of the atlas is the wing that allows the articulation of the occipital condyles and the spine.The atlas and axis are fused in embryonic life.[2]The transverse atlantal ligament is the one that holds the dens of the axis against the ventral arch of the atlas. [3]

Axis is the second cervical vertebra and is the longest vertebra. The atlantoaxial joint is the pivot joint and has a loose joint capsule. The dens of the axis is connected to the occipital bone through the apical ligament.[3]

The cervical vertebrae are obliquely oriented in the transverse plane. The cranial articular processes face dorsomedially whereas the caudal articular processes face ventrolaterally. [3]

Nuchal ligament is a paired band of connective tissue that spinous process of cervical vertebrae to the spinous process of thoracic vertebra (from axis to T1).[2][3] The ligamentum flavum, dorsal longitudinal ligament and ventral longitudinal ligament are similar to that of human being. The ligamentum flavum connects the lamina of adjacent lamina. The anterior longitudinal ligament attaches to the front of each vertebra and posterior longitudinal ligament runs at the posterior aspect of spine and inside of the spinal cord.[3]

Muscles of the cervical spine
Muscle Origin Insertion Innervation Action
Omotransversarius Lower spine of scapula Wings of atlas Ventral branches of local cervical spinal nerve Advances limb

Moves neck laterally

Brachiocephalicus

Clavicle embedded in brachiocephalicus divides the muscle in two

namely cleidobrachilais and cleidomastoideus

Thoracic spine[edit | edit source]

References[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ Cuteness. Canine Spine Anatomy.(Accessed on 2021/03/06). Available from https://www.cuteness.com/article/anatomy-dog-brain
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Wikivet. Spinal Column - Anatomy & Physiology. Accessed on:2021/03/06. Available from: https://en.wikivet.net/Spinal_Column_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 Van der Walt A.Canine Spine Anatomy.Handout.
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