Hyperkalemia
Original Editors -Courtney Ahlers & Jessica Ketterer from Bellarmine University's Pathophysiology of Complex Patient Problems project.
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Definition/Description[edit | edit source]
Hyperkalemia is characterized by an elevated serum potassium level greater than 5.5 mmol/L and is classified as an electrolyte abnormality. [1]
Acute hyperkalemia is often preceded by issues such as illness, dehydration, or introduction of medications that affect potassium levels. [2]
Prevalence[edit | edit source]
Approximately 1 to 10 percepnt of hospital patients are affected by hyperkalemia. [2]
The mortality rate for patients with hyperkalemia is approximately 1 in 1000. [1]
Characteristics/Clinical Presentation[edit | edit source]
Hyperkalemia most commonly occurs in patients with chronic renal failure. [2]
Associated Co-morbidities[edit | edit source]
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Medications[edit | edit source]
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Diagnostic Tests/Lab Tests/Lab Values[edit | edit source]
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Etiology/Causes[edit | edit source]
Hyperkalemia is typically caused when the kidneys can no longer excrete potassium, when the body is unable to effectively move potassium fro the extracellular space to within the cell, or a combination of the two. [2]
Table 1 Disorders Causing Hyperkalemia | |
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Disorders leading to hyperkalemia caused by impaired renal excretion of potassium | Disorders leading to hyperkalemia caused by shift of potassium into the extracellular space |
acquired hyporeninemic hypoaldosteronism | acidosis |
Addison's disease | damage to tissue from rhabdomyolysis, burns, or trauma |
congenital adrenal hyperplasia (recessive or autosomal dominant) | familial hyperkalemic periodic paralysis |
mineralocorticoid deficiency | hyperosmolar states (uncontrolled diabetes, glucose infusions) |
primary hypoaldosteronism or hyporeninemia | insulin deficiency or resistance |
pseudohypoaldosteronism | tumor lysis syndrome |
renal insufficiency or failure | |
systemic lupus erythematosus | |
type IV renal tubular acidosis |
Systemic Involvement[edit | edit source]
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Medical Management (current best evidence)[edit | edit source]
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Physical Therapy Management (current best evidence)[edit | edit source]
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Alternative/Holistic Management (current best evidence)[edit | edit source]
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Differential Diagnosis[edit | edit source]
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Case Reports/ Case Studies[edit | edit source]
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Resources
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Recent Related Research (from Pubmed)[edit | edit source]
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References[edit | edit source]
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- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Raymond C, Sood A, Wazny L. Treatment of hyperkalemia in patients with chronic kidney disease--a focus on medications. CANNT Journal [serial on the Internet]. (2010, July), [cited March 22, 2013]; 20(3): 49-54. Available from: CINAHL with Full Text. http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=c8h&AN=2010782358&site=ehost-live (accessed 22 Mar 2013)
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Hollander-Rodriguez JC, Calvert, Jr. JF. Hyperkalemia. American Family Physician 2006; 73(2):283-290. Available from: PubMed. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16445274 )22 March 2013)