Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire (PSEQ)
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Pain Self-Efficacy Explained[edit | edit source]
Self-efficacy in individuals experiencing pain includes beliefs about their ability to control pain and the associated emotions, maintain function for life and work activities, communicate their needs to health care providers, and appropriately utilize provided pain management strategies (Miles, Pincus, Carnes, Taylor, & Underwood, 2011).A belief about one’s confidence in coping abilities associated with the pain experience (Turk & Okifuji, 2002). Pain self-efficacy is measured by the Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire.
The Difference Between Self-Efficacy and Pain Self- Efficacy[edit | edit source]
Self-efficacy refers to the belief in one’s capabilities and the confidence in one’s abilities to organize, perform, and complete the courses of action required to achieve a particular behavior or outcome with fulfillment (Bandura, 1977). A belief and personal conviction that one can effectively accomplish the desired outcome in each situation or context (Okifuji & Turk,2015). Self-Efficacy is a judgment of personal capability to successfully perform and complete a task.
Intended Population[edit | edit source]
- (***add source/pics***)
- Headaches
- Neck pain disorders (NPD)[1]
- Low back pain (LBP)
- Chronic disease states
- Chronic musculoskeletal disorders that include presence of pain
- idiopathic neck pain (INP)
- Whiplash-associated disorders (WADs)
Resources[edit | edit source]
Evidence[edit | edit source]
Validity and Reliability[edit | edit source]
Validity and Reliability.
The Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire (PSEQ) was used to investigate pain self-efficacy. This questionnaire was open sourced and neither formal permission nor copy right notice was required for the utilization. Michael Nicholas (1989) created and validated the questionnaire. The questionnaire and the validating research were introduced at the British Psychological Society. The constructs that were measured included tacit knowledge and skills to confidently maintain everyday activities, explicit sense of confidence in one’s ability to motivate and mobilize their cognitive resources required to perform a skill, and the confidence in one’s ability to successfully complete a specific task or required skill in a specific context of pain (Miles, 2011). The populations served by the PSEQ included those with chronic disease and chronic musculoskeletal disorders associated with pain. The PSEQ was suitable for chronic pain patients in general (Miles, 2011). The psychometric properties of the PSEQ demonstrated reliability, validity, and internal consistency with a Cronbach Alpha score of 0.92(Nicholas, 1989). The theoretical construct and the clinical application of pain self-efficacy offered an empirical and practical premise for healthcare providers. The applicable construct of pain self-efficacy helped to develop interventions that concretely influenced behavior that impacted the human and societal burden associated with chronic disease and pain (Nicholas,1989).
The PSEQ is comprised of ten questions that accounted for pain with the consideration of specific functional tasks. Each question item offers seven response categories on a numerical Likert scale that range from not at all confident to completely confident. The questions vary from specific tasks to general considerations of managing function requirements. For example, a specific inquiry is about the ability to do most household chores, despite the pain. Likewise, a general inquiry is about the ability to socialize with friends and family, despite the pain. The PSEQ challenges patients to consider future possibilities as a reflection of their confidence. For example, the tenth question asks, “I can gradually become more active despite the pain?” The only question that represents a misfit between the questionnaire and the person with chronic pain is question 7, that asks, “I can cope with pain without medications (Di Pietroet al., 2014).” The significance of this misfit question is a potential to identify someone with increased confidence in all other questions when they have pain medications. However, the totality of the PSEQ questions has acceptable measurement properties and accurately summarizes confidence scores in patients with chronic pain (Di Pietro et al., 2014).
Responsiveness[edit | edit source]
Responsiveness is defined as "the ability of a measurement instrument to detect change over time in a construct being measured" (Vancouver citation****). Its measurement property is based on population and context specificity. When assessed, the response probability rate was deemed satisfactory when 75% of the hypothesis standards were criteria-met, moderate when 50-75% were cirteria-met, while poor to low hypthesis standards were indicated when only 50% or less of criteria were met (vancouver citation****).
Further reasearch is necessary when evaluating the overall responsiveness of the PSEQ. Just like with addressing construct validity, responsiveness is also subject to discrepancies in comparing of both perceived and actual results. Such discrepancies can be attributed to limited knowledge pertaining to construct validity, comparator measurements tool analysis, and the international assessments of the PSEQ scale based on various country interpretations.
Miscellaneous[edit | edit source]
Contact[edit | edit source]
References[edit | edit source]
REFERENCES:
Bandura, A. (1997).Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York, NY: WH Freeman.
Di Pietro, F., Catley, M. J., McAuley, J. H., Parkitny, L., Maher, C. G., Costa, L. D. C. M., ... &Moseley, G. L. (2014). Rasch analysis supports the use of the pain self-efficacy questionnaire. Physical Therapy,94(1), 91-100.
Miles, C. L., Pincus, T., Carnes, D., Taylor, S. J., & Underwood, M.(2011). Measuring pain self-efficacy. The Clinical Journal of Pain,27(5), 461-470.
Nicholas, M.K.(1989). Self-efficacy and chronic pain. In St Andrews: Annual Conference of British Psychological Society.
Okifuji, A., & Turk, D. C. (2015). Behavioral and cognitive-behavioral approaches to treating patients with chronic pain: Thinking outside the pill box. Journal of Rational-Emotive &Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 33(3), 218-238.
Turk, D. C., & Okifuji, A. (2002). Psychological factors in chronic pain: Evolution and revolution. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology,70(3), 678.
