Septic (Infectious) Arthritis: Difference between revisions
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== Definition/Description == | == Definition/Description == | ||
Septic arthritis is also commonly referred as bacterial or infectious arthritis. Septic arthritis is an intensely painful infection in a joint. | Septic arthritis is also commonly referred as bacterial or infectious arthritis. Septic arthritis is an intensely painful infection in a joint.<ref name="Mayo">Mayo Clinic [Internet]. Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research; 2012 [cited 2012 March 22]. Availablefrom: http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/bone-and-joint-infections/DS00545</ref> Bacteria, viruses and fungi may infect the joint which will invade and cause inflammation of the synovial membrane. <ref name="goodman and fuller" /> With the onset of inflammation, cytokines and proteases are released thus, resulting in cartilage destruction. <ref name="goodman and synder" /> The infection is located in the synovial or periarticular tissues and is most commonly bacteria.<ref name="Merk">8. The Merck Manual [Internet]. Whitehouse Station: Merck Sharp &amp; Dohme Corp.; 2010 [cited 2012 March 22]. Available from: http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/musculoskeletal_and_connective_tissue_disorders/infections_of_joints_and_bones/acute_infectious_arthritis.html#v907387</ref> Bacteria can spread from other infected areas in your body to a joint.<ref name="mayo" /> Sometimes bacteria will only infect one joint, leaving other areas of your body unharmed. Septic arthritis is common at any age. It most commonly occurs in children under the age of three. <ref name="merk" /> The sites that are most common for developing septic arthritis include the hip and the knee.<ref name="Pubmed">Pub med [Internet]. Bethesda: National Center for Biotechnology Information; 2012 [cited 2012 March 22]. Available from : http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0001466/</ref><br> | ||
== Prevalence == | == Prevalence == | ||
Revision as of 22:06, 2 April 2012
Original Editors - Amy Bramble & Kayla Klope from Bellarmine University's Pathophysiology of Complex Patient Problems project.
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Definition/Description[edit | edit source]
Septic arthritis is also commonly referred as bacterial or infectious arthritis. Septic arthritis is an intensely painful infection in a joint.[1] Bacteria, viruses and fungi may infect the joint which will invade and cause inflammation of the synovial membrane. [2] With the onset of inflammation, cytokines and proteases are released thus, resulting in cartilage destruction. [3] The infection is located in the synovial or periarticular tissues and is most commonly bacteria.[4] Bacteria can spread from other infected areas in your body to a joint.[5] Sometimes bacteria will only infect one joint, leaving other areas of your body unharmed. Septic arthritis is common at any age. It most commonly occurs in children under the age of three. [6] The sites that are most common for developing septic arthritis include the hip and the knee.[7]
Prevalence[edit | edit source]
In the United States, there are approximately 20,000 cases of septic arthritis reported each year. Europe reports a similar incidence. (Medscape) Most common is the staphyloccoccus aureus which is found in 60% of positive cultured joint aspirations. Bactermia is not as common as staphylococcus but it can lead to polyarticular involvement in 15% of the cases with septic arthitits” (Disseminating Septic Arthritis Following Hip Hemiarthroplasty IMAJ Vol 11 May 2009)
Characteristics/Clinical Presentation[edit | edit source]
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Associated Co-morbidities[edit | edit source]
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Medications[edit | edit source]
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Diagnostic Tests/Lab Tests/Lab Values[edit | edit source]
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Etiology/Causes[edit | edit source]
Septic arthritis is caused by invasion of bacteria, viruses, or fungi into the synovial membrane of a joint. This occurs most commonly by direct inoculation, penetrating wound, or direct extension. [8]The most common mechanism of infection is via hematogenous. [9]
The most important risk factors to consider include age (children and older adults are at greatest risk), diabetes mellitus, IV drug use, indwelling catheters, immunocompromised condition, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, alcohol abuse, or a recent history of joint damage. [8]An additional risk factor is recent ACL reconstruction with a contaminated bone-tendon-bone allograft.[8] This is not a common occurrence secondary to advances in medicine.
Systemic Involvement[edit | edit source]
Septic arthritis presents with a multitude of signs and symptoms affecting visceral systems. Joint symptoms may present in conjunction with a skin rash, low-grade fever, chills, and lymphadenopathy. [8]Bilateral joint involvement is common in the fingers, knees, shoulders, and ankles. The classic signs of infection may be present including increased temperature, swelling, redness, and loss of function. [9] Acute symptoms of an arthritic joint in the presence of fever should alert the health care provider of potential septic arthritis and should be treated as a medical emergency.
Medical Management (current best evidence)[edit | edit source]
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Physical Therapy Management (current best evidence)[edit | edit source]
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Alternative/Holistic Management (current best evidence)[edit | edit source]
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Differential Diagnosis[edit | edit source]
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Case Reports/ Case Studies[edit | edit source]
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Resources
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Recent Related Research (from Pubmed)[edit | edit source]
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References[edit | edit source]
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- ↑ Mayo Clinic [Internet]. Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research; 2012 [cited 2012 March 22]. Availablefrom: http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/bone-and-joint-infections/DS00545
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
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<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedgoodman and synder - ↑ 8. The Merck Manual [Internet]. Whitehouse Station: Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp.; 2010 [cited 2012 March 22]. Available from: http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/musculoskeletal_and_connective_tissue_disorders/infections_of_joints_and_bones/acute_infectious_arthritis.html#v907387
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedmayo - ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedmerk - ↑ Pub med [Internet]. Bethesda: National Center for Biotechnology Information; 2012 [cited 2012 March 22]. Available from : http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0001466/
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 Goodman CC, Snyder TEK. Differential diagnosis for physical therapists: screening for referral. 4th ed. St. Louis: Saunders Elsevier; 2007.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Goodman CC, Fuller KS. Pathology: implications for the physical therapist. 3rd ed. St. Louis: Saunders Elsevier; 2009.
