Wrist and Hand Osteoarthritis: Difference between revisions
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| | == Recent Related Research (from [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/ Pubmed]) == | ||
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== References == | |||
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== Clinically Relevant Anatomy and Epidemiology <br> == | == Clinically Relevant Anatomy and Epidemiology <br> == | ||
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• Pain<br>• Swelling<br>• Stiffness, particularly in the mornings<br><br>Pain, swelling and stiffness primarily targeted to DIP, PIP, thumb base, index and middle MCP joints.<br><br>• Muscle weakness<br>• Difficulty gripping and twisting objects (doorknobs) <br>• Presence of Heberden (on distal IP joints) or Bouchard nodes (on proximal IP joints) or bony enlargements. <br> * clinical hallmark* <br><br> | • Pain<br>• Swelling<br>• Stiffness, particularly in the mornings<br><br>Pain, swelling and stiffness primarily targeted to DIP, PIP, thumb base, index and middle MCP joints.<br><br>• Muscle weakness<br>• Difficulty gripping and twisting objects (doorknobs) <br>• Presence of Heberden (on distal IP joints) or Bouchard nodes (on proximal IP joints) or bony enlargements. <br> * clinical hallmark* <br><br> | ||
[[Image:Heberden.jpg|330x360px]] [[Image:Bouchard's.jpg|200x280px]] | [[Image:Heberden.jpg|330x360px|Heberden.jpg]] [[Image:Bouchard's.jpg|200x280px|Bouchard's.jpg]] | ||
== Diagnostic Procedures == | == Diagnostic Procedures == | ||
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''' Summary of Key Evidence''' | ''' Summary of Key Evidence''' | ||
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| '''Intervention''' | | '''Intervention''' | ||
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<br>• <span id="fck_dom_range_temp_1300398749839_681" | <br>• <span id="fck_dom_range_temp_1300398749839_681" /><span id="fck_dom_range_temp_1300398749839_893" />Pharmacological Treatment<br> oIntra-articular steroid injections<br> o Analgesics<br> o NSAIDS<br> • All can improve function but serve as temporary relief<br>• Surgery<br> o 1st CMC joint replacement<br> o Total wrist fusion<br> o Partial wrist fusion<br> o Total wrist replacement<sup>10<br></sup> | ||
== Differential Diagnosis<sup>4</sup><br> == | == Differential Diagnosis<sup>4</sup><br> == | ||
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<br>11. Walker MJ. Manual Physical Therapy Examination and Intervention of a Patient with Radial Wrist Pain: A Case Report. Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy. 2004; 34 (12): 761-769. | <br>11. Walker MJ. Manual Physical Therapy Examination and Intervention of a Patient with Radial Wrist Pain: A Case Report. Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy. 2004; 34 (12): 761-769. | ||
[[Category:Articles]] [[Category:Condition]] [[Category:Wrist]] [[Category:Hand]] [[Category:Musculoskeletal/Orthopaedics]] [[Category:Temple_Student_Project]] |
Revision as of 20:10, 31 May 2011
Original Editor - Your name will be added here if you created the original content for this page.
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Recent Related Research (from Pubmed)[edit | edit source]
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References[edit | edit source]
References will automatically be added here, see adding references tutorial.
Clinically Relevant Anatomy and Epidemiology
[edit | edit source]
The wrist and hand are composed of 27 bones: 8 bones of the wrist, 5 metacarpals and 14 bones of the phalanges. In this degenerative disorder, the articular cartilage wears away, exposing the bones. Cartilage is an elastic connective tissue whose purpose is to allow for a smooth, gliding motion between joints1.
Incidence:
• Most common musculoskeletal disorder worldwide affecting the hands
• Age
o Incidence increases after 55 in women
o Rate of progression increases with age2
• Gender
o More common and more severe in women
• Observed sex differences become evident after menopause3
o The typical locations of degeneration in patients with osteoarthritis are the distal and interphalangeal joints of the hand4
• Genetics
o Women
• Gene mutations that code for collagen II may increase the risk of developing early OA
• Role of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) types regarding the risk of OA remains much debated
• Handedness
o HOA mostly occurs on the dominant hand5
Prevalence:
• Continuing to increase as the majority of our population increases
Pathological Process
[edit | edit source]
Osteoarthritis is a disorder of the entire synovial joint organ and involves more structures than articular cartilage. The tissue changes that occur in the hand and wrist are a result of imbalance between catabolic and anabolic repair activity2. Current evidence states that the subchondral bone may be the primary etiologic agent in osteoarthritis and joint cartilage is simply the final target of the process. Periarticular bone changes occur very early in the development of OA and these changes can be segregated into distinct patterns based on the anatomic location and pathogenic mechanisms6. There is a progressive increase in subchondral plate thickness, alterations in the architecture of subchondral trabecular bone, formation of new bone at joint margins (osteophytes), and development of sub chondral bone cysts. Once the pathology reaches the articular cartilage, the cartilage thins and the joint space narrows. This causes sclerosis of the subchondral bone due to the new mechanical load placed on the affected joint2.
Clinical Presentation4[edit | edit source]
• Pain
• Swelling
• Stiffness, particularly in the mornings
Pain, swelling and stiffness primarily targeted to DIP, PIP, thumb base, index and middle MCP joints.
• Muscle weakness
• Difficulty gripping and twisting objects (doorknobs)
• Presence of Heberden (on distal IP joints) or Bouchard nodes (on proximal IP joints) or bony enlargements.
* clinical hallmark*
Diagnostic Procedures[edit | edit source]
• Diagnosis difficult to make due to the number of joints involved, the broad spectrum of severity and possible subsets of criteria which may exist.
• Imaging:
o Radiographs (gold standard). Note joint space narrowing; osteophytes; subchondral bone: sclerosis, cysts, erosion4
• Kellgren-Lawrence grading allows a wide range of interpretations for each grade, reducing inter-observer reliability
• Verbruggen and colleagues suggest an easy and reproducible scoring method, using numeric scores for radiographs5
o MRI
o Scintigraphy
Use of radiographs is the form of imaging most seen clinically.
• Laboratory markers such as rheumatoid factor (RF) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR). Blood tests are not required but recommended to exclude potential coexisting diseases4.
Risk Factors4:
• female gender
• increasing age over 40
• menopausal status
• family history
• obesity
• higher bone density
• greater forearm mm strength
• joint laxity
• prior hand injury
• occupational and recreation-related usage
Altman Diagnostic Criteria 1990 (Sn .92, Sp .98)7
• Presence of hand pain, aching, or stiffness plus
• hard tissue enlargement of at least 2 of 10 selected joints
• plus less than 3 swollen metacarpophalangeal joint
• plus either hard tissue enlargement of at least 2 distal interphalangeal
• joints or deformity of at least 1 of 10 selected joints
Outcome Measures1,8[edit | edit source]
• Score for Assessment and quantification of Chronic Rheumatic Affections of the Hands (SACRAH)
• Functional Index for Osteoarthritis of the Hand (FIHOA)
• DASH/QuickDash
Management / Interventions
[edit | edit source]
• Conservative Treatment
o A Systematic Review of Conservative Interventions for Osteoarthritis of the Hand9
Summary of Key Evidence
Intervention | Results | Level of Evidence |
Hand Exercises |
|
Moderate |
Joint Protection Exercises and Provision of Adaptive Equipment |
|
Moderate |
Paraffin |
|
Weak |
Low-level Continuous Heat Wrap |
|
Moderate |
CMC Orthotics (splints) |
|
Moderate |
• Pharmacological Treatment
oIntra-articular steroid injections
o Analgesics
o NSAIDS
• All can improve function but serve as temporary relief
• Surgery
o 1st CMC joint replacement
o Total wrist fusion
o Partial wrist fusion
o Total wrist replacement10
Differential Diagnosis4
[edit | edit source]
• psoriatic arthritis (one ray or just DIP joints targeted)
• rheumatoid arthritis (targets MCP, PIP, wrist joints)
• gout (elevated serum urate levels)
• hemochromatosis (targets MCP and wrist joints)
• Reiter’s arthritis
The diagnosis of hand and wrist osteoarthritis is based upon a combination of findings from the clinical manifestations, radiographic changes and laboratory tests, rather than a single criterion.
Key Evidence[edit | edit source]
Diagnosing hand osteoarthritis:
• Zhang W, Doherty M, Leeb BF, et al. EULAR evidence-based recommendations for the diagnosis of hand osteoarthritis: report of a task force of ESCISIT. Ann Rheum Dis. 2009; 68:8-17.
Conservative treatment for hand osteoarthritis:
• Valdes K, Marik T. A systematic review of conservative interventions for osteoarthritis of the hand. Journal of Hand Therapy. 2010; 23: 334–351.
• Walker MJ. Manual Physical Therapy Examination and Intervention of a Patient with Radial Wrist Pain: A Case Report. Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy. 2004; 34 (12): 761-769.
Resources
[edit | edit source]
• www.arthritis.org
o Research
o Fundraising
o Local events and programs
• www.cdc.gov/arthritis
• www.fightarthritispain.org
o Online community
o Movement Tracker
o Exercise videos
o Risk assessment
o Podcasts
Case Studies[edit | edit source]
Walker et al. (2004) used an impairment based manual physical therapy approach in which the intervention included manual physical therapy in the clinic and self-mobilizations as part of a home exercise program. This impairment based approach appears to be beneficial in the treatment of CMC joint dysfunction and lead to the expeditious resolution of pain and return to full activity. Results demonstrate the clinically significant differences on the PSFS and NPRS and can be seen on the diagram below11.
References[edit | edit source]
1. Kaufmann RA, Logters TT, Verbruggen G, Windolf J, Goitz RJ. Osteoarthritis of the Distal Interphalangeal Joint. Journal of Hand Surgery. 2010; 35A: 2117-2125.
2. Goodman CC, Fuller KS. Pathology: implications for the physical therapist. Third Edition. St. Louis, MO: Saunders Elsevier; 2009.
3. Kalichman L, Hernández-Molina G. Hand osteoarthritis: an epidemiological perspective. Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2010; 39:465-476.
4. Zhang W, Doherty M, Leeb BF, et al. EULAR evidence-based recommendations for the diagnosis of hand osteoarthritis: report of a task force of ESCISIT. Annals of Rheumatic Diseases. 2009; 68:8-17.
5. Feydy A, Pluot E, Guerini H, Drape JL. Role of imaging in spine, hand, and wrist osteoarthritis. 2009; 605-649.
6. Goldring SR. The role of bone in osteoarthritis pathogenesis. Rheumatic Disease Clinics of North America. 2008; 34: 561–571.
7. Altman, RD. Classification of disease: osteoarthritis. Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism. 1991; 20(6): 40-47.
8. Maheu E, Berenbaum F. Time for new outcome measures in hand osteoarthritis? Nature Clinical Practice Rheumatology. 2009; 5: 136-138.
9. Valdes K, Marik T. A systematic review of conservative interventions for osteoarthritis of the hand. Journal of Hand Therapy. 2010; 23: 334–351.
10. Talwalkar SC, Hayton MJ, Stanley JK. Wrist osteoarthritis. Scandinavian Journal of Surgery. 2008; 97: 305–309.
11. Walker MJ. Manual Physical Therapy Examination and Intervention of a Patient with Radial Wrist Pain: A Case Report. Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy. 2004; 34 (12): 761-769.