Noninvasive Brain Stimulation (NIBS): Difference between revisions
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Introduction | == Introduction == | ||
Noninvasive Brain Stimulation (NIBS) | Noninvasive Brain Stimulation (NIBS) | ||
References | == History of Brain Stimulation == | ||
The use of electricity for brain healing has been long documented; first, in stone carvings from the Fifth Dynasty of Egypt in which an electric fish was used to treat pain; and later, during the time of Socrates, when electric fish were used to treat headaches and arthritis. <ref name=":0">National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. Noninvasive Brain Stimulation: Applications and Implications. 2015. Available from: https://www.ninds.nih.gov/news-events/directors-messages/all-directors-messages/noninvasive-brain-stimulation-applications-and-implications [accessed 6/12/2023]</ref> | |||
In 1831, Michael Faraday 's discovery of electromagnetic induction (i.e. a varying magnetic field induces electrical current in a conductor placed within the field) contributed to understanding this phenomenon. Besides, the brain uses electricity constantly to rapidly convey information via action potentials sent along axons, a biological example of electrical conductors. <ref name=":0" /> | |||
In the 1940s, electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), i.e. electrical brain stimulation over one or both hemispheres to create a seizure, was used in treating severe depression. <ref>Kellner CH, Greenberg RM, Murrough JW, Bryson EO, Briggs MC, Pasculli RM. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23212054/ ECT in treatment-resistant depression.] Am J Psychiatry. 2012 Dec;169(12):1238-44.</ref> | |||
In 1985, researchers stimulated with a pulsed magnetic field discrete regions on the surface of the brain through the skull. <ref name=":1">Barker AT, Jalinous R, Freeston IL. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2860322/ Non-invasive magnetic stimulation of human motor cortex.] Lancet. 1985 May 11;1(8437):1106-7.</ref> By connecting a wire coil to a source of electric current and placing the coil on the scalp over the motor cortex, Barker et al. <ref name=":1" /> provided the first application of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). A few years later, development of stimulators able to deliver long trains of closely spaced pulses enabled repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS). This expansion of TMS scope from a neurophysiological probe to a tool with the potential for altering brain function increased its popularity. <ref>Wassermann EM, Zimmermann T. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21924290/ Transcranial magnetic brain stimulation: therapeutic promises and scientific gaps.] Pharmacol Ther. 2012 Jan;133(1):98-107.</ref> | |||
Growing interest in TMS and as a result, in noninvasive brain stimulation brought transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) into light, a technique originally applied to humans and animal models in the mid-20th century. Unlike TMS, which can produce a direct neurostimulatory effect, tDCS did not usually elicit action potentials. Instead, tDCS is thought to exhibit a modulatory effect on brain function: the externally applied electric field displaces ions within neurons, altering neuronal excitability and modulating the firing rate of individual neurons. <ref>Ukueberuwa D, Wassermann EM. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7266012/ Direct current brain polarization: a simple, noninvasive technique for human neuromodulation.] Neuromodulation. 2010 Jul;13(3):168-73.</ref> Most of the direct-to-consumer brain stimulation products are tDCS devices. | |||
== Types == | |||
Transcranial Electrical Stimulation | |||
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation | |||
The mechanism by which TMS influences brain function is not completely understood, but we do know that TMS can activate axons and cause them to fire action potentials. TMS effects are not specific to inhibitory vs. excitatory neural activity, but may change the balance between excitation and inhibition3,4,5. | |||
== References == | |||
Revision as of 20:55, 6 December 2023
Introduction[edit | edit source]
Noninvasive Brain Stimulation (NIBS)
History of Brain Stimulation[edit | edit source]
The use of electricity for brain healing has been long documented; first, in stone carvings from the Fifth Dynasty of Egypt in which an electric fish was used to treat pain; and later, during the time of Socrates, when electric fish were used to treat headaches and arthritis. [1]
In 1831, Michael Faraday 's discovery of electromagnetic induction (i.e. a varying magnetic field induces electrical current in a conductor placed within the field) contributed to understanding this phenomenon. Besides, the brain uses electricity constantly to rapidly convey information via action potentials sent along axons, a biological example of electrical conductors. [1]
In the 1940s, electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), i.e. electrical brain stimulation over one or both hemispheres to create a seizure, was used in treating severe depression. [2]
In 1985, researchers stimulated with a pulsed magnetic field discrete regions on the surface of the brain through the skull. [3] By connecting a wire coil to a source of electric current and placing the coil on the scalp over the motor cortex, Barker et al. [3] provided the first application of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). A few years later, development of stimulators able to deliver long trains of closely spaced pulses enabled repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS). This expansion of TMS scope from a neurophysiological probe to a tool with the potential for altering brain function increased its popularity. [4]
Growing interest in TMS and as a result, in noninvasive brain stimulation brought transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) into light, a technique originally applied to humans and animal models in the mid-20th century. Unlike TMS, which can produce a direct neurostimulatory effect, tDCS did not usually elicit action potentials. Instead, tDCS is thought to exhibit a modulatory effect on brain function: the externally applied electric field displaces ions within neurons, altering neuronal excitability and modulating the firing rate of individual neurons. [5] Most of the direct-to-consumer brain stimulation products are tDCS devices.
Types[edit | edit source]
Transcranial Electrical Stimulation
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
The mechanism by which TMS influences brain function is not completely understood, but we do know that TMS can activate axons and cause them to fire action potentials. TMS effects are not specific to inhibitory vs. excitatory neural activity, but may change the balance between excitation and inhibition3,4,5.
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. Noninvasive Brain Stimulation: Applications and Implications. 2015. Available from: https://www.ninds.nih.gov/news-events/directors-messages/all-directors-messages/noninvasive-brain-stimulation-applications-and-implications [accessed 6/12/2023]
- ↑ Kellner CH, Greenberg RM, Murrough JW, Bryson EO, Briggs MC, Pasculli RM. ECT in treatment-resistant depression. Am J Psychiatry. 2012 Dec;169(12):1238-44.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Barker AT, Jalinous R, Freeston IL. Non-invasive magnetic stimulation of human motor cortex. Lancet. 1985 May 11;1(8437):1106-7.
- ↑ Wassermann EM, Zimmermann T. Transcranial magnetic brain stimulation: therapeutic promises and scientific gaps. Pharmacol Ther. 2012 Jan;133(1):98-107.
- ↑ Ukueberuwa D, Wassermann EM. Direct current brain polarization: a simple, noninvasive technique for human neuromodulation. Neuromodulation. 2010 Jul;13(3):168-73.
