Problem Based Learning

Original Editor - Angeliki Chorti Top Contributors - Angeliki Chorti

Introduction

Problem Based Learning (PBL) is a learner - centred pedagogical approach in which the person learns about a subject by working in groups to solve an open-ended problem. When looking at the literature, one may find various descriptions of PBL and variability in what people understand by this methodology. In general, the problem is presented first rather than teaching relevant material and then having people apply the knowledge to solve a real-life problem. Learners must first examine the problem and explore what they already know about underlying issues related to it. Then, they need to identify knowledge gaps, sources of potential information and tools necessary to solve the problem. Evaluating possible ways to solve the problem is also an important step to the process. Finally, learners report on their findings and solutions.

For a brief introduction on PBL, you can watch this video:

Theoretical Basis of PBL

Identifying the best learning methods has always been of strong interest in education. As a result, in 1932, Edgar Dale proposed actions that would lead to deeper learning compared to traditional methods and published the a controversial paper named “Cone of Experience or Cone of Dale”. Each level of the cone corresponded to different learning methods.At the apex of the cone were oral presentations (e.g. verbal descriptions, written descriptions, etc.) and at the base was direct experience (i.e. a person carrying out the activity that they aim to learn), reflecting the greatest depth of learning. In other words, the base represented the most effective participative methods (what we do and what we say) and the apex involved the least effective abstract methods (what we read and what we hear).

Learning Outcomes of PBL

Learning outcomes associated with PBL relate to the development of the following skills:

• Self-directed learning
• Independent work
• Critical thinking and analysis
• Team work
• Project management
• Leadership in a team
• Improvement of oral and written communication
• Self-awareness and evaluation of group processes
• Explaining concepts
• Real-world application of knowledge
• Research and information literacy
• Problem solving across disciplines.

PBL and Health Education

PBL is a pedagogical approach that has been adopted in undergraduate and postgraduate studies of medical and other health professionals. Despite not being universally widespread, PBL demonstrates a high level of satisfaction among students. Compared to more traditional (e.g. lecture-based) methods, PBL is more effective at improving social and communication skills, problem-solving and self-learning skills. However, restrictions in human resources and continuous training for its implementation limit its implementation in health educational settings.