Prematurity and High-Risk Infants: Difference between revisions
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== Introduction == | == Introduction == | ||
Prematurity is a significant healthcare problem occurring on over 10% of live birth every year.<ref name=":0" /> The World Health estimates there are 15 million preterm births every year. <ref>Pusdekar YV, Patel AB, Kurhe KG, Bhargav SR, Thorsten V, Garces A, Goldenberg RL, Goudar SS, Saleem S, Esamai F, Chomba E. [https://reproductive-health-journal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12978-020-01029-z Rates and risk factors for preterm birth and low birthweight in the global network sites in six low-and low middle-income countries.] Reproductive Health. 2020 Dec;17(3):1-6.</ref> | Prematurity is a significant healthcare problem occurring on over 10% of live birth every year.<ref name=":0">Kamity R, Kapavarapu PK, Chandel A. [https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9067/8/12/1158 Feeding Problems and Long-Term Outcomes in Preterm Infants—A Systematic Approach to Evaluation and Management]. Children. 2021 Dec 8;8(12):1158.</ref> The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates there are 15 million preterm births every year. <ref>Pusdekar YV, Patel AB, Kurhe KG, Bhargav SR, Thorsten V, Garces A, Goldenberg RL, Goudar SS, Saleem S, Esamai F, Chomba E. [https://reproductive-health-journal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12978-020-01029-z Rates and risk factors for preterm birth and low birthweight in the global network sites in six low-and low middle-income countries.] Reproductive Health. 2020 Dec;17(3):1-6.</ref> The WHO categorizes preterm birth into the following three categories: | ||
* extremely preterm (< 28 weeks) | * extremely preterm (< 28 weeks) | ||
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* Moderate to late preterm (32–36 weeks)<ref name=":1">Pravia CI, Benny M. [https://www.ccjm.org/content/87/12/759 Long-term consequences of prematurity]. Cleveland Clinic journal of medicine. 2020 Nov 23;87(12):759-67.</ref> | * Moderate to late preterm (32–36 weeks)<ref name=":1">Pravia CI, Benny M. [https://www.ccjm.org/content/87/12/759 Long-term consequences of prematurity]. Cleveland Clinic journal of medicine. 2020 Nov 23;87(12):759-67.</ref> | ||
== Complications of Preterm Birth == | |||
Preterm infants have an increased risk for neurodevelopmental disorders and delayed growth with some developing neurological sequelae such as cerebral palsy, decreased intelligence and delayed neurodevelopment.<ref name=":2" />Neurodevelopment and growth in preterm infants can be affected by: | Preterm infants have an increased risk for neurodevelopmental disorders and delayed growth with some developing neurological sequelae such as cerebral palsy, decreased intelligence and delayed neurodevelopment.<ref name=":2">Kang SR, Cho H. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8004188/ Research trends of follow-up care after neonatal intensive care unit graduation for children born preterm: a scoping review. International journal of environmental research and public health]. 2021 Mar 22;18(6):3268.</ref>Neurodevelopment and growth in preterm infants can be affected by: | ||
* gestational age | * gestational age | ||
* birth weight | * birth weight | ||
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* ventilation | * ventilation | ||
* breastfeeding<ref name=":2" /> | * breastfeeding<ref name=":2" /> | ||
Infants born at an earlier gestational age are at a higher risk for complex medical conditions, recurrent hospitisations and neurodevelopmental impairments,<ref>Grunberg VA, Geller PA, Bonacquisti A, Patterson CA. [https://www.nature.com/articles/s41372-018-0282-9 NICU infant health severity and family outcomes: a systematic review of assessments and findings in psychosocial research]. Journal of Perinatology. 2019 Feb;39(2):156-72.</ref>. Developmental delays and chronic diseases that result from preterm birth may persist into adulthood and consequently, require a heavy burden on the patients, families and healthcare system.<ref name=":2" /> | |||
=== Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) === | |||
'' | ''[1,2]. I[1]. Preterm infants face several challenges during their neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) stay, including cardiorespiratory problems, infections, and neurological challenges, while continuing to grow and attain neurodevelopmental milestones for NICU discharge [3]. [4].''<ref name=":0" /> | ||
== Complications == | == Complications == | ||
''Due to a shortened period of in utero organ development, premature infants are at higher risk of chronic respiratory, cardiac, renal, and endocrine system disorders later in life.'' | ''Due to a shortened period of in utero organ development, premature infants are at higher risk of chronic respiratory, cardiac, renal, and endocrine system disorders later in life.'' | ||
Revision as of 16:05, 9 January 2023
Introduction[edit | edit source]
Prematurity is a significant healthcare problem occurring on over 10% of live birth every year.[1] The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates there are 15 million preterm births every year. [2] The WHO categorizes preterm birth into the following three categories:
- extremely preterm (< 28 weeks)
- Very preterm (28–32 weeks)
- Moderate to late preterm (32–36 weeks)[3]
Complications of Preterm Birth[edit | edit source]
Preterm infants have an increased risk for neurodevelopmental disorders and delayed growth with some developing neurological sequelae such as cerebral palsy, decreased intelligence and delayed neurodevelopment.[4]Neurodevelopment and growth in preterm infants can be affected by:
- gestational age
- birth weight
- length of hospitisation
- Apgar score
- cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)
- ventilation
- breastfeeding[4]
Infants born at an earlier gestational age are at a higher risk for complex medical conditions, recurrent hospitisations and neurodevelopmental impairments,[5]. Developmental delays and chronic diseases that result from preterm birth may persist into adulthood and consequently, require a heavy burden on the patients, families and healthcare system.[4]
Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU)[edit | edit source]
[1,2]. I[1]. Preterm infants face several challenges during their neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) stay, including cardiorespiratory problems, infections, and neurological challenges, while continuing to grow and attain neurodevelopmental milestones for NICU discharge [3]. [4].[1]
Complications[edit | edit source]
Due to a shortened period of in utero organ development, premature infants are at higher risk of chronic respiratory, cardiac, renal, and endocrine system disorders later in life.
s the third trimester of pregnancy (> 28 weeks) is a period of rapid organ growth and maturation, premature infants are born before major organ development is complete. Survivors of premature birth may have later adverse health effects related to organs failing to achieve optimal development or undergoing more rapid decline.10[3]
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Kamity R, Kapavarapu PK, Chandel A. Feeding Problems and Long-Term Outcomes in Preterm Infants—A Systematic Approach to Evaluation and Management. Children. 2021 Dec 8;8(12):1158.
- ↑ Pusdekar YV, Patel AB, Kurhe KG, Bhargav SR, Thorsten V, Garces A, Goldenberg RL, Goudar SS, Saleem S, Esamai F, Chomba E. Rates and risk factors for preterm birth and low birthweight in the global network sites in six low-and low middle-income countries. Reproductive Health. 2020 Dec;17(3):1-6.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Pravia CI, Benny M. Long-term consequences of prematurity. Cleveland Clinic journal of medicine. 2020 Nov 23;87(12):759-67.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Kang SR, Cho H. Research trends of follow-up care after neonatal intensive care unit graduation for children born preterm: a scoping review. International journal of environmental research and public health. 2021 Mar 22;18(6):3268.
- ↑ Grunberg VA, Geller PA, Bonacquisti A, Patterson CA. NICU infant health severity and family outcomes: a systematic review of assessments and findings in psychosocial research. Journal of Perinatology. 2019 Feb;39(2):156-72.
