Skin Microbiome: Difference between revisions
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== Introduction == | == Introduction == | ||
The skin is the largest organ of the human body and it serves as a physical barrier that protects the body from invasion by foreign organisms.<ref>Grice, Elizabeth A, and Julia A Segre. “The skin microbiome.” ''Nature reviews. Microbiology'' vol. 9,4 (2011): 244-53. doi:10.1038/nrmicro2537</ref> The skin is colonized by millions of microorganisms, which make up the skin microbiome. These include bacteria, fungi, viruses, and mites. As with the gut, the microbiome of the skin plays a role in immunity, healing and health. | The skin is the largest organ of the human body and it serves as a physical barrier that protects the body from invasion by foreign organisms.<ref name=":0">Grice, Elizabeth A, and Julia A Segre. “The skin microbiome.” ''Nature reviews. Microbiology'' vol. 9,4 (2011): 244-53. doi:10.1038/nrmicro2537</ref> The skin is colonized by millions of microorganisms, which make up the skin microbiome. These include bacteria, fungi, viruses, and mites. As with the gut, the microbiome of the skin plays a role in immunity, healing and health. | ||
{{#ev:youtube|MWE3U3FItlc|300}}<ref>nature video. The skin microbiome: a healthy bacterial balance. Available from: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MWE3U3FItlc [last accessed 30/12/2022]</ref> | {{#ev:youtube|MWE3U3FItlc|300}}<ref>nature video. The skin microbiome: a healthy bacterial balance. Available from: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MWE3U3FItlc [last accessed 30/12/2022]</ref> | ||
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==Role of Skin Microbiome on Immunity == | ==Role of Skin Microbiome on Immunity == | ||
The skin microbiome helps to prime the cells of the immune system for response to attacks by pathogens.<ref name=":0" /> Commensal microorganisms interact closely with the host immune cells, training T cells to respond to potential pathogen.<ref name=":1">Holmes, Casey J et al. “Dynamic Role of Host Stress Responses in Modulating the Cutaneous Microbiome: Implications for Wound Healing and Infection.” ''Advances in wound care'' vol. 4,1 (2015): 24-37. doi:10.1089/wound.2014.0546</ref> Current evidence has shown that rather than a single pathogen causing a disease, disease states are the results of microbial dysbiosis, which lead to aberrant immune responses both locally and systemically.<ref name=":2">Park, Young Joon, and Heung Kyu Lee. “The Role of Skin and Orogenital Microbiota in Protective Immunity and Chronic Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Disease.” ''Frontiers'', Frontiers, 19 Dec. 2017, <nowiki>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2017.01955/full</nowiki>.</ref> ''Staphylococcus epidermidis'' colonizes the skin during the neonatal period, possibly establishing immune tolerance by the accumulation of commensal-specific regulatory T cells following another exposure later in life.<ref>Nakatsuji, Teruaki, et al. “Mechanisms for Control of Skin Immune Function by the Microbiome.” ''Current Opinion in Immunology'', Elsevier Current Trends, 16 Sept. 2021, <nowiki>https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0952791521001199#bib0080</nowiki>.</ref> Atopic Dermatitis is an immune-mediated inflammatory disease of the skin, in which commensal bacteria of the ''Staphylococcus'' species - particularly ''Staphylococcus aureus -'' are implicated.<ref name=":2" /> | |||
==Role of Skin Microbiome on Wound Healing == | ==Role of Skin Microbiome on Wound Healing == | ||
The | The skin microbiome has been found to play a role in the healing of chronic wounds in people with diabetes. People with poorly controlled glucose levels have relatively greater abundance of ''Staphylococcus'' spp. and ''Streptococcus'' spp. Colonization. Also, studies have shown that more than half of diabetic foot ulcers are infected, with associations between the clinical features and the colonizing bacterial communities. For instance, ''Staphylococcus'' spp., particularly ''S. aureus'', are associated with shallow ulcers and ulcers of short duration; whereas, ulcers that are deep or of long duration tend to have more diverse mirobial community, with the presence of anaerobic bacteria and Gram-negative ''Proteobacteria'' spp.<ref>Byrd, A., Belkaid, Y. & Segre, J. The human skin microbiome. ''Nat Rev Microbiol'' 16, 143–155 (2018). <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro.2017.157</nowiki></ref> | ||
Physiological stressors, like metabolic disease, and psychological stressors, such as depression, can modify microbial physiology in a way that increases their virulence, causing nonpathogenic microbes to transit to a pathogenic state. This impairs the body’s wound healing responses, and promotes infections.<ref name=":1" /> | |||
== References == | == References == | ||
<references /> | <references /> | ||
[[Category:Skin]] | [[Category:Skin]] | ||
Revision as of 16:30, 31 December 2022
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Introduction[edit | edit source]
The skin is the largest organ of the human body and it serves as a physical barrier that protects the body from invasion by foreign organisms.[1] The skin is colonized by millions of microorganisms, which make up the skin microbiome. These include bacteria, fungi, viruses, and mites. As with the gut, the microbiome of the skin plays a role in immunity, healing and health.
Composition of the Skin Microbiome[edit | edit source]
j
Role of Skin Microbiome on Health[edit | edit source]
Role of Skin Microbiome on Immunity[edit | edit source]
The skin microbiome helps to prime the cells of the immune system for response to attacks by pathogens.[1] Commensal microorganisms interact closely with the host immune cells, training T cells to respond to potential pathogen.[3] Current evidence has shown that rather than a single pathogen causing a disease, disease states are the results of microbial dysbiosis, which lead to aberrant immune responses both locally and systemically.[4] Staphylococcus epidermidis colonizes the skin during the neonatal period, possibly establishing immune tolerance by the accumulation of commensal-specific regulatory T cells following another exposure later in life.[5] Atopic Dermatitis is an immune-mediated inflammatory disease of the skin, in which commensal bacteria of the Staphylococcus species - particularly Staphylococcus aureus - are implicated.[4]
Role of Skin Microbiome on Wound Healing[edit | edit source]
The skin microbiome has been found to play a role in the healing of chronic wounds in people with diabetes. People with poorly controlled glucose levels have relatively greater abundance of Staphylococcus spp. and Streptococcus spp. Colonization. Also, studies have shown that more than half of diabetic foot ulcers are infected, with associations between the clinical features and the colonizing bacterial communities. For instance, Staphylococcus spp., particularly S. aureus, are associated with shallow ulcers and ulcers of short duration; whereas, ulcers that are deep or of long duration tend to have more diverse mirobial community, with the presence of anaerobic bacteria and Gram-negative Proteobacteria spp.[6]
Physiological stressors, like metabolic disease, and psychological stressors, such as depression, can modify microbial physiology in a way that increases their virulence, causing nonpathogenic microbes to transit to a pathogenic state. This impairs the body’s wound healing responses, and promotes infections.[3]
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Grice, Elizabeth A, and Julia A Segre. “The skin microbiome.” Nature reviews. Microbiology vol. 9,4 (2011): 244-53. doi:10.1038/nrmicro2537
- ↑ nature video. The skin microbiome: a healthy bacterial balance. Available from: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MWE3U3FItlc [last accessed 30/12/2022]
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Holmes, Casey J et al. “Dynamic Role of Host Stress Responses in Modulating the Cutaneous Microbiome: Implications for Wound Healing and Infection.” Advances in wound care vol. 4,1 (2015): 24-37. doi:10.1089/wound.2014.0546
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Park, Young Joon, and Heung Kyu Lee. “The Role of Skin and Orogenital Microbiota in Protective Immunity and Chronic Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Disease.” Frontiers, Frontiers, 19 Dec. 2017, https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2017.01955/full.
- ↑ Nakatsuji, Teruaki, et al. “Mechanisms for Control of Skin Immune Function by the Microbiome.” Current Opinion in Immunology, Elsevier Current Trends, 16 Sept. 2021, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0952791521001199#bib0080.
- ↑ Byrd, A., Belkaid, Y. & Segre, J. The human skin microbiome. Nat Rev Microbiol 16, 143–155 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro.2017.157
