Gross Motor Milestones in Infants 0-14 Months

Introduction

found differences in age of onset of motor milestones across countries motor milestones across countries.of early development might be attributed also to environmental aspects such as climate (e.g., Cintas, 1995; Atun-Einy et al., 2013) or housing conditions (Ammar et al., 2013). Moreover, cross-cultural differences exist in the way parents choose to shape children’s environment. For example, some cultures create settings that enable and even vigorously direct early sitting, while others avoid early sitting altogether (Keller et al., 2002; Karasik et al., 2015). Characteristics such as climate, housing, and landscape might influence parental choices regarding for example clothing, play surfaces, and means of transportation.

his subsystem covers parental choices for the activities they do or avoid doing with their infants, such as placing the infant in specific positions, using specific types of equipment, and attending classes or outdoor activities such as baby swimming. Altogether, there is empirical evidence for a relation between infant motor development and specific daily practices. For example, studies have consistently shown that active positions, such as prone and standing position, have positive effects on motor development, while spending much time in less active positions, such as supine and sitting position, is related to less advanced motor development (e.

For infants who are not yet mobile (e.g., crawling), an important type of physical activity is supervised time on the tummy or in the prone position while awake [3]. In the previously mentioned physical activity systematic review. as reported that more tummy time was consistently associated with more advanced motor development, including the earlier acquisition of some gross motor milestones as well as more advanced total developme

0-3 months

	OVERALL	1-2 MONTHS	2-3 MONTHs
SUPINE	physiologic flexion hip and knee; unable to hold head in midline	sporadic head to midline; sporadic cervical rotation; increased extensor activity; asymmetry of limbs	hands to midline; symmetrical movement patterns;
PRONE	increased physiologic flexion hip and knee; elbows posterior to shoulders; head to side	slight head lift to 45 degrees; unable to hold head in midline; flexion contractures decreased	able to push through hands; start to lift head and shoulders; head lift to 45 degrees
SITTING	weight of head pulls them anterior; shoulders anterior to hips; unable to hold head in midline wide base of support (ring sitting) need a lot of support at proximal trunk	pull to sit- head lag; not able to hold head in midline	pull to sit-able to tuck chin and hold in midline; vertical righting; weight bear through hands (propped sitting)
STANDING	supported standing; reflexive moment in response to stimuli on plantar aspect		begin to accept weight; astasia-abasia,

4-6 MONTHS

	OVERALL	5 MONTHS	6 MONTHS
ALL POSITIONS	better head control; symmetrical movements; less physiologic flexion; developmental spiralling; better trunk activation; co-activation of flexors and extensors;	rolling with rotation (roll as a unit/log roll)	weight shifting; protective reactions
SUPINE	elevating hands to knees; chink tuck; using abdominals; supine to sidelying	grabbing feet	hands away from body to reach for objects; transfer objects from one hand to the other
PRONE	cervical and thoracic extension; elbow extension when pushing up; elbows more in line with shoulders; good head and upper trunk control	shoulders off floor when pushing up	swimming motion; equilibrium reactions; scooting backwards; prone to quadraped; prone pivot
SITTING	narrower base of support; no head lag pull to sit; more extensor activity	unsupported sitting	sitting without support; pelvis in neutral;' weight-shifting; reaching for toys
STANDING	early weight-bearing and more upright posture	hips and knees less flexed; appear bow-legged ankles not in neutral position	upper and lower trunk control; bouncing in this supported position

7-9 MONTHS

	OVERALL	8 MONTHS	9 MONTHS
ALL POSITIONS	roll with rotation; lateral trunk control; prone pivoting		side prop position with weight through shoulder girdle;crawling emerging quadruped to half-kneeling; reciprocal creeping
SUPINE
PRONE		prone pivoting
SITTING	weight shifting; vertical righting; protective reactions;	unsupported sitting; narrower base of support;	sitting to prone position; sitting to quadruped; weight-shift to reach for toys
STANDING		pull to stand; supported standing on toes

10-14 MONTHS

	OVERALL	11 MONTHS	12 MONTHS	13 MONTHS	14 MONTHS
ALL POSITIONS	more dynamic control; good core and pelvic control; reciprocal extremity movement; reciprocal creeping faster and more efficient				stand from ground with support; walking
SITTING	ring sitting to side sitting; weight-shifting and moving in and out of various positions; v and w sit positioning		righting reactions
1/2 KNEELING	more upright trunk; more stable; hand support on higher surface
STANDING	static standing; standing with rotation; co-activation of trunk muscles; stand with unilateral upper extremity support; cruising; modified squat	standing without upper extremity support
WALKING	walking with hands held			stepping; hands up high inititally