Equinus Deformity: Difference between revisions
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==Diagnosis== | ==Diagnosis== | ||
When people initially contact the doctor, the majority of those with equinus are not aware they have this condition. Instead, they come seeking relief for equinus-related foot issues.<ref>Foot & Ankle. Equinus | Foot & Ankle. (n.d.). Retrieved November 27, 2022, from https://www.shorelineortho.com/specialties/foot_ankle_equinus.php#:~:text=Equinus%20is%20often%20it%20is,frequently%20wearing%20high%2Dheeled%20shoes. </ref> | When people initially contact the doctor, the majority of those with equinus are not aware they have this condition. Instead, they come seeking relief for equinus-related foot issues.<ref>Foot & Ankle. Equinus | Foot & Ankle. (n.d.). Retrieved November 27, 2022, from https://www.shorelineortho.com/specialties/foot_ankle_equinus.php#:~:text=Equinus%20is%20often%20it%20is,frequently%20wearing%20high%2Dheeled%20shoes. </ref> | ||
'''Key diagnostic factors:''' | |||
* positive family history. | |||
* equinus deformity. | |||
* hind foot in varus and adduction. | |||
* adduction of forefoot. | |||
'''Other diagnostic factors:'' | |||
* male sex. | |||
* hip dysplasia. | |||
* neurologic or chromosomal abnormalities. | |||
* smaller lower extremity. | |||
'''Investigations:''' | |||
* anteroposterior and lateral radiographs of foot. | |||
* dynamic hip ultrasound. | |||
* pelvic radiographs. | |||
* CT foot. | |||
<ref> Equinovarus Foot Deformity. Equinovarus foot deformity - Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice US. (n.d.). Retrieved November 27, 2022, from https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/745 </ref> |
Revision as of 22:21, 27 November 2022
Original Editor - Aya Alhindi
Top Contributors - Aya Alhindi, Aminat Abolade and Kirenga Bamurange Liliane
Introduction[edit | edit source]
Pes equinus/ Club foot is a condition in which the upward bending motion of the ankle joint (dorsiflexion) is limited.[1] It's also known as tight calf and is typically associated condition of a primary diagnosis of a bunion( Hallux valgus) and most commonly seen in flat foot or pes cavus.[2]In this deformity, an alteration in gait may occur; a patient may also have difficulty climbing stairs, dressing and in lifting the foot up so a patient may need to lift the leg on the affected side up higher, to “step over” the foot.[3]
Classification[edit | edit source]
Equinus can be classified in multiple ways according to etiology, apex of equinus, spastic and non-spastic forms in addition to soft tissue causes of joint restriction.[4]
Etiology/Causes[edit | edit source]
Equinus is frequently caused by tightness in the calf muscles (the soleus and/or gastrocnemius muscles) or the Achilles tendon. Some people may have this feature congenitally (existing at birth) or inherited it. Others develop this tightness as a result of wearing high-heeled shoes frequently, being in a cast or using crutches. Other contributing factors include diabetes or having a shorter leg than other. The patient may develop equinus if a bone or bone fragment restricts movement of the ankle (for instance, after an ankle injury). Rarely, calf muscular spasms can induce equinus and may be a symptom of an underlying neurologic condition.Equinus.[5]
Foot Problems Related to Equinus[edit | edit source]
A number of foot problems can arise depending on how a patient compensates for their inability to bend appropriately at the ankle, including:[6]
- Plantar fasciitis (arch/heel pain)
- Calf cramping
- Tendonitis (inflammation in the Achilles tendon)
- Metatarsalgia (pain and/or callusing on the ball of the foot)
- Flatfoot
- Arthritis of the midfoot (middle area of the foot)
- Pressure sores on the ball of the foot or the arch
- Bunions and hammertoes
- Ankle pain
- Shin splints
Diagnosis[edit | edit source]
When people initially contact the doctor, the majority of those with equinus are not aware they have this condition. Instead, they come seeking relief for equinus-related foot issues.[7]
Key diagnostic factors:
- positive family history.
- equinus deformity.
- hind foot in varus and adduction.
- adduction of forefoot.
'Other diagnostic factors:
- male sex.
- hip dysplasia.
- neurologic or chromosomal abnormalities.
- smaller lower extremity.
Investigations:
- anteroposterior and lateral radiographs of foot.
- dynamic hip ultrasound.
- pelvic radiographs.
- CT foot.
- ↑ Equinus. Equinus - Foot Health Facts. (n.d.). Retrieved November 27, 2022, from https://www.foothealthfacts.org/conditions/equinus .
- ↑ Equinus. Pes equinus - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics. (n.d.). Retrieved November 27, 2022, from https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/pes-equinus .
- ↑ Equinus foot and ankle deformity: Baltimore, MD. International Center for Limb Lengthening. (2022, September 22). Retrieved November 27, 2022, from https://www.limblength.org/conditions/equinus-foot-deformity/
- ↑ Tiberio D. Pathomechanics of structural foot deformities. Phys Ther. 1988 Dec;68(12):1840-9. doi: 10.1093/ptj/68.12.1840. PMID: 3194451.
- ↑ Equinus - Foot Health Facts. (n.d.). Retrieved November 27, 2022, from https://www.foothealthfacts.org/conditions/equinus .
- ↑ Foot & Ankle. Equinus | Foot & Ankle. (n.d.). Retrieved November 27, 2022, from https://www.shorelineortho.com/specialties/foot_ankle_equinus.php#:~:text=Equinus%20is%20often%20it%20is,frequently%20wearing%20high%2Dheeled%20shoes.
- ↑ Foot & Ankle. Equinus | Foot & Ankle. (n.d.). Retrieved November 27, 2022, from https://www.shorelineortho.com/specialties/foot_ankle_equinus.php#:~:text=Equinus%20is%20often%20it%20is,frequently%20wearing%20high%2Dheeled%20shoes.
- ↑ Equinovarus Foot Deformity. Equinovarus foot deformity - Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice US. (n.d.). Retrieved November 27, 2022, from https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/745