Polyarteritis Nodosa: Difference between revisions
Josh Bixler (talk | contribs) No edit summary |
Josh Bixler (talk | contribs) No edit summary |
||
| Line 7: | Line 7: | ||
== Definition/Description == | == Definition/Description == | ||
Polyarteritis nodosa is a serious ideopathic vascular disease that commonly affects both small and medium-sized arteries throughout the body. It falls under the category of primary systemic vasculitis, and with the inflammatory nature of the disease, arteries become swollen and blood flow is diminished.<ref name="MedlinePlus">MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia: polyarteritis nodosa. http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001438.htm (accessed 22 Feb 2011).</ref> The inflammation, which affects the entire arterial wall, typically manifests where the arteries branch and ultimately the affected vessel tissues become necrotic.<ref name="Merck" /><ref name="Cedars" /> As the outer and inner layers of the artery swell, blood clots can form and potentially damage various organs and tissues in the body such as the liver, kidneys, heart, GI tract, testes, and muscles.<ref name="Patho">Goodman CC, Fuller KS. Pathology: Implications for the Physical Therapist. 3rd edition. St. Louis, Missouri: Saunders Elsevier, 2009.</ref> <br> | Polyarteritis nodosa (PAN) is a serious ideopathic vascular disease that commonly affects both small and medium-sized arteries throughout the body. It falls under the category of primary systemic vasculitis, and with the inflammatory nature of the disease, arteries become swollen and blood flow is diminished.<ref name="MedlinePlus">MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia: polyarteritis nodosa. http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001438.htm (accessed 22 Feb 2011).</ref> The inflammation, which affects the entire arterial wall, typically manifests where the arteries branch and ultimately the affected vessel tissues become necrotic.<ref name="Merck" /><ref name="Cedars" /> As the outer and inner layers of the artery swell, blood clots can form and potentially damage various organs and tissues in the body such as the liver, kidneys, heart, GI tract, testes, and muscles.<ref name="Patho">Goodman CC, Fuller KS. Pathology: Implications for the Physical Therapist. 3rd edition. St. Louis, Missouri: Saunders Elsevier, 2009.</ref> <br> | ||
== Prevalence == | == Prevalence == | ||
Revision as of 03:19, 26 March 2011
Original Editors - Josh Bixler from Bellarmine University's Pathophysiology of Complex Patient Problems project.
Lead Editors - Your name will be added here if you are a lead editor on this page. Read more.
Definition/Description[edit | edit source]
Polyarteritis nodosa (PAN) is a serious ideopathic vascular disease that commonly affects both small and medium-sized arteries throughout the body. It falls under the category of primary systemic vasculitis, and with the inflammatory nature of the disease, arteries become swollen and blood flow is diminished.[1] The inflammation, which affects the entire arterial wall, typically manifests where the arteries branch and ultimately the affected vessel tissues become necrotic.[2][3] As the outer and inner layers of the artery swell, blood clots can form and potentially damage various organs and tissues in the body such as the liver, kidneys, heart, GI tract, testes, and muscles.[4]
Prevalence[edit | edit source]
- Development and diagnosis of the disease seems to occur between the ages of 40 and 60.
- While it affects adults more so than children, it can present at any age.
- Twice as likely to occur in men than women.
- Can affect every ethnicity and race.
- Rare disease, but estimates of frequency in the US are around 77/1,000,000.[5]
- Internationally, reports have listed frequency in south Sweden at 1.6/1,000,000; 4.6/1,000,000 in England; 30.7/1,000,000 in Paris, France.[5]
Characteristics/Clinical Presentation
[edit | edit source]
Polyarteritis nodosa is clinically similiar to many diseases such as hepatitis B and C infections, Churg-Strauss syndrome, Kawaski's disease, hypersensitivity angitis, as well as Cogan's syndrome.[1] The speed at which the disease affects an individual often varies. Within months, it may initially present with mild symptoms that rapidly progress to fatal symptoms, or it can develop into a chronic state that incapacitates the individual.[2] With the exception of the lungs, polyarteritis nodosa has the ability to affect many organs and organ systems at the same time by damaging the arteries that supply blood flow. The heart, intestines, liver, and kidney arteries are prevalently damaged.[1] Listed below are some of the most common symptoms associated with this disease, affecting the skin, joints, brain, nerves, heart, digestive tract, liver, and kidneys:
* Rashes with raised patches along arteries, dicoloration of fingers or toes, blotches that appear purple[2][1]
* Joint pain and inflammation, muscle aches and pain[2][3]
* Fever, headaches, strokes, seizures[2][3]
* Weakness, numbness, tingling, or hand or foot paralysis[2]
* Angina and myocardial infarctions[2]
* Peritonitis (infection of the abdomen), nausea, vomiting, bloody diarrhea, and intestinal tears[2]
* Liver damage and failure[2][3]
* Hypertension, edema, decreased output of urine, urine with high levels of protein[2][1]
Associated Co-morbidities[edit | edit source]
add text here
Medications[edit | edit source]
Typically corticosteroids and drugs that suppress the immune system are prescribed. One such steroid is prednisone, which allows the affected individual some pain relief and can help stop the disease from causing more damage. Also, to further address the inflammation, cyclophosphamide is often prescribed in combination with the prednisone.[2] If the cause of polyarteritis nodosa is related to a hepatitis infection, and the inflamattion has been limited, anti-viral medication along with plasmapheresis is used to combat the infection.[6]
Diagnostic Tests/Lab Tests/Lab Values[6][2][3][edit | edit source]
Present symptoms
Blood/urine work
Arteriogram
Electromyography
CBC
ESR or CRP
Biopsy of affected tissues
Immunoglobulin levels
X-rays
Etiology/Causes[edit | edit source]
The cause of polyarteriris nodosa remains unknown, but there does appear to be a link to drug reactions, viral infections, and the body's immune system. Adverse drug reactions to iodide or pencillin, or indiviudals with active hepatitis B or C appear to be at a higher risk for developing this disease.[3] In fact, for approximately every five individuals affected by polyarteritis nodosa, one of those people has active hepatitis B.[2]
Systemic Involvement[edit | edit source]
add text here
Medical Management (current best evidence)[edit | edit source]
add text here
Physical Therapy Management (current best evidence)[edit | edit source]
add text here
Alternative/Holistic Management (current best evidence)[edit | edit source]
add text here
Differential Diagnosis[edit | edit source]
add text here
Case Reports/ Case Studies[edit | edit source]
add links to case studies here (case studies should be added on new pages using the case study template)
Resources
[edit | edit source]
add appropriate resources here
Recent Related Research (from Pubmed)[edit | edit source]
see tutorial on Adding PubMed Feed
Extension:RSS -- Error: Not a valid URL: Feed goes here!!|charset=UTF-8|short|max=10
References[edit | edit source]
see adding references tutorial.
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia: polyarteritis nodosa. http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001438.htm (accessed 22 Feb 2011).
- ↑ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 2.11 2.12 Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedMerck - ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedCedars - ↑ Goodman CC, Fuller KS. Pathology: Implications for the Physical Therapist. 3rd edition. St. Louis, Missouri: Saunders Elsevier, 2009.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 eMedicine Rheumatology: polyarteritis nodosa. http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/330717-overview (accessed 22 Feb 2011).
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedpubmed
