Ageing and Disabilities: Difference between revisions
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One of the most often used expressions to describe a healthy old age is "successful aging," which was coined in the 1960s by R. J. Havighurst and defined as "adding life to the years." Throughout the decades, there was a growing recognition among biomedical experts that the quality of life may be just as significant as the number of years added to life. While a specific definition of successful ageing has yet to be agreed upon, it is widely agreed that it comprises the freedom from chronic disease and the ability to operate well in old age, both physically and cognitively.<ref name=":0" /> Ageing is a multifaceted phenomenon influenced by genetics, constitution, lifestyle, and environmental factors. There are distinct phases of growth in human life: there is a progressive increase in functioning (from infancy to adolescence), there is a type of plateau during adult life, and then there is a physiological drop in functioning as one becomes older. The pace, quantity, and quality of this decline are all influenced by genetic factors (approximately 25%), but they are mostly influenced by lifestyle and environmental factors (about 75%). A progressive reduction of functioning (related to genetics, constitutional variables and to lifestyles), together with negative environmental factors, could lead to diseases, disorders, functional limitations, and to disability. | One of the most often used expressions to describe a healthy old age is "successful aging," which was coined in the 1960s by R. J. Havighurst and defined as "adding life to the years." Throughout the decades, there was a growing recognition among biomedical experts that the quality of life may be just as significant as the number of years added to life. While a specific definition of successful ageing has yet to be agreed upon, it is widely agreed that it comprises the freedom from chronic disease and the ability to operate well in old age, both physically and cognitively.<ref name=":0" /> Ageing is a multifaceted phenomenon influenced by genetics, constitution, lifestyle, and environmental factors. There are distinct phases of growth in human life: there is a progressive increase in functioning (from infancy to adolescence), there is a type of plateau during adult life, and then there is a physiological drop in functioning as one becomes older. The pace, quantity, and quality of this decline are all influenced by genetic factors (approximately 25%), but they are mostly influenced by lifestyle and environmental factors (about 75%). A progressive reduction of functioning (related to genetics, constitutional variables and to lifestyles), together with negative environmental factors, could lead to diseases, disorders, functional limitations, and to disability. | ||
Disability is viewed in a dynamic way and as a process, according to International Classification | Disability is viewed in a dynamic way and as a process, according to International Classification o f Functioning, Health and Disability (ICF), World Health Organization, and other conceptual models of disability and approved by the United Convention of the Rights of the People with Disabilities According to this vision, disability is the consequence of the relationship of the person, with his/her health conditions, and the environment. There is also an international agreement in the view that “health and active ageing” is not without disorders or without diseases, but it refers to wellbeing from a biopsychosocial point of view: so it refers to wellbeing and quality of life, even in the presence of a disease or a disorder. From the more recent conceptual models of ageing and disability, the aim of each kind of intervention is to prevent pathological to reduce the risk of age-related health conditions and their consequences, to promote active and healthy ageing, and to prevent the change from usual to pathological ageing.<ref name=":1" /> | ||
People with disabilities and people who are ageing with disabilities are on the rise all around the world. According to a report on disability published by the World Health Organization and the World Bank, roughly 15.3 per cent of people had disabilities in 2004 and about 15% of people had disabilities in 2010, with about 2-4 per cent of these persons with disabilities having severe functional difficulties. Age has a significant impact: the older you get, the more likely you are to become disabled. For these reasons, the relationship between ageing and disability has become extremely important, both in terms of its implications for ageing people's involvement, inclusion, and quality of life, as well as its implications for socio-sanitary organizations.<ref name=":1" /> | People with disabilities and people who are ageing with disabilities are on the rise all around the world. According to a report on disability published by the World Health Organization and the World Bank, roughly 15.3 per cent of people had disabilities in 2004 and about 15% of people had disabilities in 2010, with about 2-4 per cent of these persons with disabilities having severe functional difficulties. Age has a significant impact: the older you get, the more likely you are to become disabled. For these reasons, the relationship between ageing and disability has become extremely important, both in terms of its implications for ageing people's involvement, inclusion, and quality of life, as well as its implications for socio-sanitary organizations.<ref name=":1" /> | ||
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== Behavioral risk factors == | == Behavioral risk factors == | ||
Physical and social exposures, including | Physical and social exposures, including behaviors, during the life period, have a significant impact on disabilities that appear later in life. resulting in an accumulation of risks as one gets older. The four main behavioral risk factors include smoking, excessive consumption of alcohol, poor diet and low levels of physical activity. Behavioral risk factors in midlife have been linked to good ageing and the primary prevention or delay of disability, according to research.<ref>Lafortune L, Martin S, Kelly S, Kuhn I, Remes O, Cowan A, Brayne C. Behavioural risk factors in mid-life associated with successful ageing, disability, dementia and frailty in later life: a rapid systematic review. PloS one. 2016 Feb 4;11(2):e0144405.</ref> | ||
== Role of physiotherapist == | |||
By promoting health and wellbeing throughout ageing and preventing and treating body system impairments and secondary medical disorders, physiotherapist is uniquely positioned to provide age-appropriate anticipatory guidance, assessments, and interventions for individuals with disabilities. Postsecondary education, vocational training and the workplace, and independent/supported living all benefit from the use of supportive technologies and environmental adjustments.<ref>Orlin MN, Cicirello NA, O'Donnell AE, Doty AK. The continuum of care for individuals with lifelong disabilities: role of the physical therapist. Physical Therapy. 2014 Jul 1;94(7):1043-53.</ref> | |||
Revision as of 16:05, 2 October 2021
Introductions[edit | edit source]
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), there were 600 million persons aged 60 and more in the year 2000, with that number expected to rise to 1.2 billion by 2025 and 2 billion by 2050. Ageing can be viewed as a societal accomplishment, but it also poses a challenge in terms of health care and continuing healthy functioning for this rapidly growing population. As a result, it's critical to ensure that these extra years are not only free of chronic disease or disability but also that mental and physical functionality is maintained. This will lessen the population's massive economic and social responsibilities. Nearly half of all healthcare spending occurs after the age of 65, according to estimates.[1]
One of the most often used expressions to describe a healthy old age is "successful aging," which was coined in the 1960s by R. J. Havighurst and defined as "adding life to the years." Throughout the decades, there was a growing recognition among biomedical experts that the quality of life may be just as significant as the number of years added to life. While a specific definition of successful ageing has yet to be agreed upon, it is widely agreed that it comprises the freedom from chronic disease and the ability to operate well in old age, both physically and cognitively.[1] Ageing is a multifaceted phenomenon influenced by genetics, constitution, lifestyle, and environmental factors. There are distinct phases of growth in human life: there is a progressive increase in functioning (from infancy to adolescence), there is a type of plateau during adult life, and then there is a physiological drop in functioning as one becomes older. The pace, quantity, and quality of this decline are all influenced by genetic factors (approximately 25%), but they are mostly influenced by lifestyle and environmental factors (about 75%). A progressive reduction of functioning (related to genetics, constitutional variables and to lifestyles), together with negative environmental factors, could lead to diseases, disorders, functional limitations, and to disability.
Disability is viewed in a dynamic way and as a process, according to International Classification o f Functioning, Health and Disability (ICF), World Health Organization, and other conceptual models of disability and approved by the United Convention of the Rights of the People with Disabilities According to this vision, disability is the consequence of the relationship of the person, with his/her health conditions, and the environment. There is also an international agreement in the view that “health and active ageing” is not without disorders or without diseases, but it refers to wellbeing from a biopsychosocial point of view: so it refers to wellbeing and quality of life, even in the presence of a disease or a disorder. From the more recent conceptual models of ageing and disability, the aim of each kind of intervention is to prevent pathological to reduce the risk of age-related health conditions and their consequences, to promote active and healthy ageing, and to prevent the change from usual to pathological ageing.[2]
People with disabilities and people who are ageing with disabilities are on the rise all around the world. According to a report on disability published by the World Health Organization and the World Bank, roughly 15.3 per cent of people had disabilities in 2004 and about 15% of people had disabilities in 2010, with about 2-4 per cent of these persons with disabilities having severe functional difficulties. Age has a significant impact: the older you get, the more likely you are to become disabled. For these reasons, the relationship between ageing and disability has become extremely important, both in terms of its implications for ageing people's involvement, inclusion, and quality of life, as well as its implications for socio-sanitary organizations.[2]
Relationship between disability and ageing[edit | edit source]
There is two kinds of relationships between disability and ageing:
- Ageing with disability -Individuals with disabilities can age with preexisting health disabling conditions, and because to improvements in the quality of socio sanitary and sanitary services, people with disabilities today have a longer life expectancy, allowing them to age and enjoy longer lives.[2]
- Disability with ageing- which refers to ageing people that become people with a disability only during his/her ageing process, mainly due to age-related conditions.[2]
Consequences between ageing and disability[edit | edit source]
Three kinds of consequences between ageing and disability.
- Disability-related secondary conditions-People with disabilities are more likely to develop secondary conditions, either directly or indirectly (any additional physical or mental health conditions that may arise as a result of a primary disabling condition but are not a specific feature of it), which are similar to those that ageing people experience in general, but they occur 20-25 years earlier and are often referred to as premature or atypical[2].
- Age-related conditions—these conditions are related to ageing and the long-term consequences of exposure to environmental risks, as well as the effects of poor health behaviours—that may be experienced by ageing persons and also by ageing people with disabilities. Hypertension, high cholesterol, diabetes, osteoarthritis, heart disease, gait and mobility issues, falls, respiratory infections/chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, urine incontinence, osteoporosis, skin disease, hearing and vision loss, and dementia are examples of these conditions.[2]
- Multiple Chronic Conditions- the risk of having two or more chronic conditions at the same time, either in dyads (hypertension and diabetes) or in triads (hypertension and diabetes) (cholesterol, hypertension, and diabetes).[2]
These three kinds of relationships between ageing and disability are very closely related to one another and they have clear influences on health, quality of life, daily life, participation for ageing people and social costs, and subjective and objective burden for family and relatives. The following three types of consequences could occur in persons with disabilities or those who are getting older, with qualitative and quantitative variations but also similarities: Person ageing with disabilities and older adults share a variety of chronic conditions, both as secondary conditions to their disability and as age-related chronic conditions. Furthermore, people with disabilities may develop age-related chronic conditions as well as disability-related secondary conditions, and both the elderly and the disabled may have many chronic ailments. As a result, the similarities between the two groups outnumber the differences.[2]
Behavioral risk factors[edit | edit source]
Physical and social exposures, including behaviors, during the life period, have a significant impact on disabilities that appear later in life. resulting in an accumulation of risks as one gets older. The four main behavioral risk factors include smoking, excessive consumption of alcohol, poor diet and low levels of physical activity. Behavioral risk factors in midlife have been linked to good ageing and the primary prevention or delay of disability, according to research.[4]
Role of physiotherapist[edit | edit source]
By promoting health and wellbeing throughout ageing and preventing and treating body system impairments and secondary medical disorders, physiotherapist is uniquely positioned to provide age-appropriate anticipatory guidance, assessments, and interventions for individuals with disabilities. Postsecondary education, vocational training and the workplace, and independent/supported living all benefit from the use of supportive technologies and environmental adjustments.[5]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Britton A, Shipley M, Singh‐Manoux A, Marmot MG. Successful ageing: The contribution of early‐life and midlife risk factors. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 2008 Jun;56(6):1098-105.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 Pili R, Gaviano L, Pili L, Petretto DR. Ageing, disability, and spinal cord injury: some issues of analysis. Current gerontology and geriatrics research. 2018 Nov 19;2018.
- ↑ How To Define Aging With A Disability Available from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ggIKtfBYr3U Accessed on 28/9/2021
- ↑ Lafortune L, Martin S, Kelly S, Kuhn I, Remes O, Cowan A, Brayne C. Behavioural risk factors in mid-life associated with successful ageing, disability, dementia and frailty in later life: a rapid systematic review. PloS one. 2016 Feb 4;11(2):e0144405.
- ↑ Orlin MN, Cicirello NA, O'Donnell AE, Doty AK. The continuum of care for individuals with lifelong disabilities: role of the physical therapist. Physical Therapy. 2014 Jul 1;94(7):1043-53.
