Ageing and Disabilities: Difference between revisions
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One of the most often used expressions to describe a healthy old age is "successful aging," which was coined in the 1960s by R. J. Havighurst and defined as "adding life to the years." Throughout the decades, there was a growing recognition among biomedical experts that the quality of life may be just as significant as the number of years added to life. While a specific definition of successful aging has yet to be agreed upon, it is widely agreed that it comprises the freedom from chronic disease and the ability to operate well in old age, both physically and cognitively.<ref name=":0" /> | One of the most often used expressions to describe a healthy old age is "successful aging," which was coined in the 1960s by R. J. Havighurst and defined as "adding life to the years." Throughout the decades, there was a growing recognition among biomedical experts that the quality of life may be just as significant as the number of years added to life. While a specific definition of successful aging has yet to be agreed upon, it is widely agreed that it comprises the freedom from chronic disease and the ability to operate well in old age, both physically and cognitively.<ref name=":0" /> | ||
Ageing is a complex phenomenon, related to genetics, con-stitutional variables, lifestyles, and environmental variables[1, 2]. During the human life, there are different phases ofdevelopment: in the first phases of life, there is a progressiveincreasing of functioning (from infancy to adolescence),there is a sort of plateau during adult life, and then thereis a physiological reduction of functioning in ageing. Thespeediness and the quantity and quality of this reduction arerelated to genetic variables (about 25%), but most of all theyare related to lifestyles and environmental variables (about75%) [1, 3–7]. A progressive reduction of functioning (relatedto genetics, to constitutional variables and to lifestyles),together with negative environmental factors, could leadto diseases, to disorders, to functional limitations, and todisability.Nowadays, according to the vision proposed by Inter-national Classification of Functioning, disability and Healthof the World Health Organization [8], and other conceptualmodels of disability and approved by the United Conventionof the Rights of the People with Disabilities [9, 10], disabilityis viewed in a dynamic way and as a process. Accordingto this vision, disability is the consequence of the relation-ship of the person, with his/her health conditions, and theenvironment [8–10]. There is also an international agreementin the view that “health and active ageing” is not withoutdisorders or without diseases, but it refers to wellbeing froma biopsychosocial point of view: so it refers to wellbeingand quality of life, even in the presence of a disease ora disorder [11–15]. These topics are strictly subjective andindividually and socioculturally defined [11–15]. From themore recent conceptual models of ageing and disability, theaim of each kind of intervention is to prevent pathologicalageing, to reduce the risk of age-related health conditionsand their consequences, to promote active and health ageing,and to prevent the changing from usual to pathologicalageing [11–15]. From both the conceptualization of ageingHindawiCurrent Gerontology and Geriatrics ResearchVolume 2018, | Ageing is a complex phenomenon, related to genetics, con-stitutional variables, lifestyles, and environmental variables[1, 2]. During the human life, there are different phases ofdevelopment: in the first phases of life, there is a progressiveincreasing of functioning (from infancy to adolescence),there is a sort of plateau during adult life, and then thereis a physiological reduction of functioning in ageing. Thespeediness and the quantity and quality of this reduction arerelated to genetic variables (about 25%), but most of all theyare related to lifestyles and environmental variables (about75%) [1, 3–7]. A progressive reduction of functioning (relatedto genetics, to constitutional variables and to lifestyles),together with negative environmental factors, could leadto diseases, to disorders, to functional limitations, and todisability.Nowadays, according to the vision proposed by Inter-national Classification of Functioning, disability and Healthof the World Health Organization [8], and other conceptualmodels of disability and approved by the United Conventionof the Rights of the People with Disabilities [9, 10], disabilityis viewed in a dynamic way and as a process. Accordingto this vision, disability is the consequence of the relation-ship of the person, with his/her health conditions, and theenvironment [8–10]. There is also an international agreementin the view that “health and active ageing” is not withoutdisorders or without diseases, but it refers to wellbeing froma biopsychosocial point of view: so it refers to wellbeingand quality of life, even in the presence of a disease ora disorder [11–15]. These topics are strictly subjective andindividually and socioculturally defined [11–15]. From themore recent conceptual models of ageing and disability, theaim of each kind of intervention is to prevent pathologicalageing, to reduce the risk of age-related health conditionsand their consequences, to promote active and health ageing,and to prevent the changing from usual to pathologicalageing [11–15]. From both the conceptualization of ageingHindawiCurrent Gerontology and Geriatrics ResearchVolume 2018,Researchand the conceptualization of disability, the main feature andthe key element that make a good quality of life is, first, therecognition of the centrality of the person; second, it is thepossibility to maintain, along all the phases of life, autonomy(that means maintain control and decision making in thedifferent domains of ourselves life), independency (the abilityto choose and do, also with help, activities of daily living), anda good quality of life [8–10, 12–15].Worldwide, there is an increasing number of people withdisability and people aging with disability. In these yearsthere have been two different processes, strongly correlatedwith each other. On one side, there is worldwide progressiveaging of population, the so-called “demographic revolution”or “demographic transition,” by which there is an increasingof general life expectancy. On the other side, thanks to theincreasing number of quality of sociosanitary services andsanitary services, there is also an increasing of life expectancyfor people with disability, so they can age with previous healthdisabling conditions. According to the report on disabilitypublished by World Health Organization and the WorldBank [16], there is an estimation that about 15.3% of peoplewere people with disability in 2004 and about 15% of peoplein 2010, with about 2-4% of these people with disability,have severe functional limitations. There is an importanteffect of age: the higher the age, the higher the frequencyof disability [16]. For these reasons, the relationship betweenaging and disability has become a very important one for itsconsequences on participation, inclusion and quality of lifeof ageing people and for its consequences on socio-sanitaryorganizations [17–21 | ||
== Relationship between disability and ageing == | == Relationship between disability and ageing == | ||
Revision as of 20:52, 30 September 2021
Introductions[edit | edit source]
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), there were 600 million persons aged 60 and more in the year 2000, with that number expected to rise to 1.2 billion by 2025 and 2 billion by 2050. Aging can be viewed as a societal accomplishment, but it also poses a challenge in terms of health care and continuing healthy functioning for this rapidly growing population. As a result, it's critical to ensure that these extra years are not only free of chronic disease or disability, but also that mental and physical functionality is maintained. This will lessen the population's massive economic and social responsibilities. Nearly half of all health-care spending occurs after the age of 65, according to estimates.[1]
One of the most often used expressions to describe a healthy old age is "successful aging," which was coined in the 1960s by R. J. Havighurst and defined as "adding life to the years." Throughout the decades, there was a growing recognition among biomedical experts that the quality of life may be just as significant as the number of years added to life. While a specific definition of successful aging has yet to be agreed upon, it is widely agreed that it comprises the freedom from chronic disease and the ability to operate well in old age, both physically and cognitively.[1] Ageing is a complex phenomenon, related to genetics, con-stitutional variables, lifestyles, and environmental variables[1, 2]. During the human life, there are different phases ofdevelopment: in the first phases of life, there is a progressiveincreasing of functioning (from infancy to adolescence),there is a sort of plateau during adult life, and then thereis a physiological reduction of functioning in ageing. Thespeediness and the quantity and quality of this reduction arerelated to genetic variables (about 25%), but most of all theyare related to lifestyles and environmental variables (about75%) [1, 3–7]. A progressive reduction of functioning (relatedto genetics, to constitutional variables and to lifestyles),together with negative environmental factors, could leadto diseases, to disorders, to functional limitations, and todisability.Nowadays, according to the vision proposed by Inter-national Classification of Functioning, disability and Healthof the World Health Organization [8], and other conceptualmodels of disability and approved by the United Conventionof the Rights of the People with Disabilities [9, 10], disabilityis viewed in a dynamic way and as a process. Accordingto this vision, disability is the consequence of the relation-ship of the person, with his/her health conditions, and theenvironment [8–10]. There is also an international agreementin the view that “health and active ageing” is not withoutdisorders or without diseases, but it refers to wellbeing froma biopsychosocial point of view: so it refers to wellbeingand quality of life, even in the presence of a disease ora disorder [11–15]. These topics are strictly subjective andindividually and socioculturally defined [11–15]. From themore recent conceptual models of ageing and disability, theaim of each kind of intervention is to prevent pathologicalageing, to reduce the risk of age-related health conditionsand their consequences, to promote active and health ageing,and to prevent the changing from usual to pathologicalageing [11–15]. From both the conceptualization of ageingHindawiCurrent Gerontology and Geriatrics ResearchVolume 2018,Researchand the conceptualization of disability, the main feature andthe key element that make a good quality of life is, first, therecognition of the centrality of the person; second, it is thepossibility to maintain, along all the phases of life, autonomy(that means maintain control and decision making in thedifferent domains of ourselves life), independency (the abilityto choose and do, also with help, activities of daily living), anda good quality of life [8–10, 12–15].Worldwide, there is an increasing number of people withdisability and people aging with disability. In these yearsthere have been two different processes, strongly correlatedwith each other. On one side, there is worldwide progressiveaging of population, the so-called “demographic revolution”or “demographic transition,” by which there is an increasingof general life expectancy. On the other side, thanks to theincreasing number of quality of sociosanitary services andsanitary services, there is also an increasing of life expectancyfor people with disability, so they can age with previous healthdisabling conditions. According to the report on disabilitypublished by World Health Organization and the WorldBank [16], there is an estimation that about 15.3% of peoplewere people with disability in 2004 and about 15% of peoplein 2010, with about 2-4% of these people with disability,have severe functional limitations. There is an importanteffect of age: the higher the age, the higher the frequencyof disability [16]. For these reasons, the relationship betweenaging and disability has become a very important one for itsconsequences on participation, inclusion and quality of lifeof ageing people and for its consequences on socio-sanitaryorganizations [17–21
Relationship between disability and ageing[edit | edit source]
There are two kind of relationship between disability and ageing:
- Ageing with disability -Individuals with disabilities can age with preexisting health disabling conditions, and because to improvements in the quality of socio sanitary and sanitary services, people with disabilities today have a longer life expectancy, allowing them to age and enjoy longer lives.[2]
- Disability with ageing- which refer to ageing people that become people with disability only during his/her ageing process, mainly due to age-related conditions.[2]
Consequences between ageing and disability[edit | edit source]
Three kinds of consequences between ageing and disability.
- Disability-related secondary conditions-People with disabilities are more likely to develop secondary conditions, either directly or indirectly (any additional physical or mental health conditions that may arise as a result of a primary disabling condition but are not a specific feature of it), which are similar to those that ageing people experience in general, but they occur 20-25 years earlier and are often referred to as premature or atypical[2].
- Age-related conditions—these conditions are related to ageing and the long-term consequences of exposure to environmental risks, as well as the effects of poor health behaviors—that may be experienced by ageing persons and also by ageing people with disabilities. Hypertension, high cholesterol, diabetes, osteoarthritis, heart disease, gait and mobility issues, falls, respiratory infections/chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, urine incontinence, osteoporosis, skin disease, hearing and vision loss, and dementia are examples of these conditions.[2]
- Multiple Chronic Conditions- the risk of having two or more chronic conditions at the same time, either in dyads (hypertension and diabetes) or in triads (hypertension and diabetes) (cholesterol, hypertension, and diabetes).[2]
These three kinds of relationships between ageing and disability are very closely related to one another and they have clear influences on health, quality of life, daily life, participation for ageing people and social costs, and subjective and objective burden for family and relatives. The following three types of consequences could occur in persons with disabilities or those who are getting older, with qualitative and quantitative variations but also similarities: Persons ageing with disabilities and older adults share a variety of chronic conditions, both as secondary conditions to their disability and as age-related chronic conditions. Furthermore, people with disabilities may develop age-related chronic conditions as well as disability-related secondary conditions, and both the elderly and the disabled may have many chronic ailments. As a result, the similarities between the two groups outnumber the differences.[2]
Behavioral risk factors[edit | edit source]
Physical and social exposures, including behaviors, during the life period have a significant impact on disabilities that appear later in life. resulting in an accumulation of risks as one gets older. The four main behavioral risk factors includes: smoking, excessive consumption of alcohol, poor diet and low levels of physical activity. Behavioral risk factors in midlife have been linked to good ageing and the primary prevention or delay of disability, according to research.[3]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Britton A, Shipley M, Singh‐Manoux A, Marmot MG. Successful aging: The contribution of early‐life and midlife risk factors. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 2008 Jun;56(6):1098-105.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Pili R, Gaviano L, Pili L, Petretto DR. Ageing, disability, and spinal cord injury: some issues of analysis. Current gerontology and geriatrics research. 2018 Nov 19;2018.
- ↑ Lafortune L, Martin S, Kelly S, Kuhn I, Remes O, Cowan A, Brayne C. Behavioural risk factors in mid-life associated with successful ageing, disability, dementia and frailty in later life: a rapid systematic review. PloS one. 2016 Feb 4;11(2):e0144405.
