Pneumocystis Jirovecii Pneumonia: Difference between revisions
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== Introduction == | == Introduction == | ||
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Pneumocystis Jirovecii Pneumonia (PJP) was previously called as Pneumocystis Carinii Pneumonia (PCP), it is one of the most common opportunistic fungal infection in immuno-compromised conditions such as haematological malignancy, congenital immunodeficiency, organ transplantation, immunosuppressive therapy, under medication and predominantly in HIV. <ref>Kante, Meenakshi & Racherla, Rishi & Usha, Kalawat. (2019). Pneumocystis jirovecii Pneumonia: A Revisit to the Old Malady. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC RESEARCH. 10.7860/JCDR/2019/42636.13318 retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/337105006_Pneumocystis_jirovecii_Pneumonia_A_Revisit_to_the_Old_Malady</ref> | Pneumocystis Jirovecii Pneumonia (PJP) was previously called as Pneumocystis Carinii Pneumonia (PCP), it is one of the most common opportunistic fungal infection in immuno-compromised conditions such as haematological malignancy, congenital immunodeficiency, organ transplantation, immunosuppressive therapy, under medication and predominantly in HIV. <ref>Kante, Meenakshi & Racherla, Rishi & Usha, Kalawat. (2019). Pneumocystis jirovecii Pneumonia: A Revisit to the Old Malady. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC RESEARCH. 10.7860/JCDR/2019/42636.13318 retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/337105006_Pneumocystis_jirovecii_Pneumonia_A_Revisit_to_the_Old_Malady</ref> | ||
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== Epidemiology == | == Epidemiology == | ||
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PJP has a high incidence before the advent of prophylaxis treatment and highly active antiretroviral therapy. A study about the epidemiology of PJP showed that the incidence has significantly decreased both for the adult and pediatric population.<ref name=":0">Morris A, Lundgren JD, Masur H, et al. Current epidemiology of Pneumocystis pneumonia. ''Emerg Infect Dis''. 2004;10(10):1713–1720. doi:10.3201/eid1010.030985 retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3323247/</ref> However, the same study showed that there is difference with the prevalence of PJP in industrialized countries, such as those in Europe and North America, and in developing countries , such as in Southeast Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa, wherein the former has a continuous decline while the latter is at a greater risk of incidence.<ref name=":0" /> | PJP has a high incidence before the advent of prophylaxis treatment and highly active antiretroviral therapy. A study about the epidemiology of PJP showed that the incidence has significantly decreased both for the adult and pediatric population.<ref name=":0">Morris A, Lundgren JD, Masur H, et al. Current epidemiology of Pneumocystis pneumonia. ''Emerg Infect Dis''. 2004;10(10):1713–1720. doi:10.3201/eid1010.030985 retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3323247/</ref> However, the same study showed that there is difference with the prevalence of PJP in industrialized countries, such as those in Europe and North America, and in developing countries , such as in Southeast Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa, wherein the former has a continuous decline while the latter is at a greater risk of incidence.<ref name=":0" /> | ||
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A recent nationwide study in Spain, conducted by Pereira-Diaz et al, reported that PJP is an emerging disease in patients without HIV infection of which risk factors include haematological neoplasms, chronic lung diseases and, non-hematological cancers with high mean mortality and hospitalization costs.<ref>Pereira-Díaz E, Moreno-Verdejo F, de la Horra C, Guerrero JA, Calderón EJ, Medrano FJ. Changing Trends in the Epidemiology and Risk Factors of ''Pneumocystis'' Pneumonia in Spain. ''Front Public Health''. 2019;7:275. Published 2019 Oct 4. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2019.00275 retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6788256/</ref> | A recent nationwide study in Spain, conducted by Pereira-Diaz et al, reported that PJP is an emerging disease in patients without HIV infection of which risk factors include haematological neoplasms, chronic lung diseases and, non-hematological cancers with high mean mortality and hospitalization costs.<ref>Pereira-Díaz E, Moreno-Verdejo F, de la Horra C, Guerrero JA, Calderón EJ, Medrano FJ. Changing Trends in the Epidemiology and Risk Factors of ''Pneumocystis'' Pneumonia in Spain. ''Front Public Health''. 2019;7:275. Published 2019 Oct 4. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2019.00275 retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6788256/</ref> | ||
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== Signs and Symptoms == | == Signs and Symptoms == | ||
* | * Subacute onset exertional dyspnea<ref name=":1">Salzer H, J, F, Schäfer G, Hoenigl M, Günther G, Hoffmann C, Kalsdorf B, Alanio A, Lange C: Clinical, Diagnostic, and Treatment Disparities between HIV-Infected and Non-HIV-Infected Immunocompromised Patients with <nowiki><b><i>Pneumocystis jirovecii</i></nowiki><nowiki></b></nowiki> Pneumonia. Respiration 2018;96:52-65. doi: 10.1159/000487713 retrieved from https://www.karger.com/Article/FullText/487713#</ref> | ||
* Dry and non-productive cough | * Dry and non-productive cough<ref name=":1" /> | ||
* Fever | * Fever or subfebrile temperatures<ref name=":1" /> | ||
* Tachypnea | * Tachypnea | ||
* Tachycardia | * Tachycardia | ||
Revision as of 05:43, 16 February 2020
Original Editor - Donald John Auson Top Contributors - Donald John Auson, Kim Jackson, Lucinda hampton and Nupur Smit Shah
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Introduction[edit | edit source]
Pneumocystis Jirovecii Pneumonia (PJP) was previously called as Pneumocystis Carinii Pneumonia (PCP), it is one of the most common opportunistic fungal infection in immuno-compromised conditions such as haematological malignancy, congenital immunodeficiency, organ transplantation, immunosuppressive therapy, under medication and predominantly in HIV. [1]
Epidemiology[edit | edit source]
PJP has a high incidence before the advent of prophylaxis treatment and highly active antiretroviral therapy. A study about the epidemiology of PJP showed that the incidence has significantly decreased both for the adult and pediatric population.[2] However, the same study showed that there is difference with the prevalence of PJP in industrialized countries, such as those in Europe and North America, and in developing countries , such as in Southeast Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa, wherein the former has a continuous decline while the latter is at a greater risk of incidence.[2]
A recent nationwide study in Spain, conducted by Pereira-Diaz et al, reported that PJP is an emerging disease in patients without HIV infection of which risk factors include haematological neoplasms, chronic lung diseases and, non-hematological cancers with high mean mortality and hospitalization costs.[3]
Etiology[edit | edit source]
The pathogen responsible for PJP is Pneumocystis Jirovecii, an organism classified as a fungus.
Pathophysiology[edit | edit source]
Signs and Symptoms[edit | edit source]
- Subacute onset exertional dyspnea[4]
- Dry and non-productive cough[4]
- Fever or subfebrile temperatures[4]
- Tachypnea
- Tachycardia
- Cyanosis
Diagnostic Procedures[edit | edit source]
Differential Diagnosis[edit | edit source]
Prognosis[edit | edit source]
Pharmacological Management[edit | edit source]
Physiotherapy Intervention[edit | edit source]
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ Kante, Meenakshi & Racherla, Rishi & Usha, Kalawat. (2019). Pneumocystis jirovecii Pneumonia: A Revisit to the Old Malady. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC RESEARCH. 10.7860/JCDR/2019/42636.13318 retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/337105006_Pneumocystis_jirovecii_Pneumonia_A_Revisit_to_the_Old_Malady
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Morris A, Lundgren JD, Masur H, et al. Current epidemiology of Pneumocystis pneumonia. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10(10):1713–1720. doi:10.3201/eid1010.030985 retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3323247/
- ↑ Pereira-Díaz E, Moreno-Verdejo F, de la Horra C, Guerrero JA, Calderón EJ, Medrano FJ. Changing Trends in the Epidemiology and Risk Factors of Pneumocystis Pneumonia in Spain. Front Public Health. 2019;7:275. Published 2019 Oct 4. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2019.00275 retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6788256/
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Salzer H, J, F, Schäfer G, Hoenigl M, Günther G, Hoffmann C, Kalsdorf B, Alanio A, Lange C: Clinical, Diagnostic, and Treatment Disparities between HIV-Infected and Non-HIV-Infected Immunocompromised Patients with <b><i>Pneumocystis jirovecii</i></b> Pneumonia. Respiration 2018;96:52-65. doi: 10.1159/000487713 retrieved from https://www.karger.com/Article/FullText/487713#
