Dehydration: Difference between revisions
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add links to case studies here (case studies should be added on new pages using the [[Template:Case Study|case study template]])<br> | add links to case studies here (case studies should be added on new pages using the [[Template:Case Study|case study template]])<br> | ||
== Resources <br> | == Resources <br> == | ||
[http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=785790a7-2602-42be-a8b2-a727e65b9008%40sessionmgr12&vid=5&hid=14 Dehydration: best practice in the care home]<br> | [http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=785790a7-2602-42be-a8b2-a727e65b9008%40sessionmgr12&vid=5&hid=14 Dehydration: best practice in the care home]<br> | ||
[http://www.ct.gov/dds/lib/dds/factsheets/fs_dehydration.pdf Dehydration Fact Sheet] | |||
[http://www.mass.gov/eohhs/docs/dph/cdc/flu/dehydration-factsheet.pdf Dehydration and the Flu] | |||
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2625510/pdf/jnma00925-0023.pdf Dehydration in the Elderly] | |||
== Recent Related Research (from [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/ Pubmed]) == | == Recent Related Research (from [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/ Pubmed]) == |
Revision as of 19:29, 15 March 2013
Original Editors - Jordan Dellamano & Daniel McCoy from Bellarmine University's Pathophysiology of Complex Patient Problems project.
Lead Editors - Your name will be added here if you are a lead editor on this page. Read more.
Definition/Description[edit | edit source]
Dehydration occurs when you lose more fluid than you take in, and your body doesn't have enough water and other fluids to carry out its normal functions. Young children, older adults, the ill and chronically ill are especially susceptible.
Dehydration symptoms generally become noticeable after 2% of one's normal water volume has been lost. [1]
You can usually reverse mild to moderate dehydration by drinking more fluids, but severe dehydration needs immediate medical treatment. [2]
There are three main types of dehydration: hypotonic (primarily a loss of electrolytes), hypertonic (primarily loss of water), and isotonic (equal loss of water and electrolytes). The most commonly seen in humans is isotonic. [3]
Prevalence[edit | edit source]
Dehydration is most commonly found in the elderly, infants, people with fever, athletes, people living in high altitudes, and the chronically ill. Children are most affected in the first two years of their life and 2.2 million will die in this year. [1]
Characteristics/Clinical Presentation [1][edit | edit source]
Mild Dehydration |
Moderate Dehydration |
Severe Dehydration |
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- At about 5% to 6% water loss, one may become groggy or sleepy, experience headaches or nausea, and may feel parasthesias.
- With 10% to 15% fluid loss, muscles may become spastic, skin may shrivel and wrinkle, vision may dim, urination will be greatly reduced and may become painful, and delirium may begin.
- Losses of greater than 15% are usually fatal.
Associated Co-morbidities[edit | edit source]
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Medications[edit | edit source]
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Diagnostic Tests/Lab Tests/Lab Values[edit | edit source]
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Etiology/Causes [1][edit | edit source]
External/stress-related causes:
- Prolonged physical activity without consuming adequate water, especially in a hot environment
- Prolonged exposure to dry air
- Survival situations, especially desert survival conditions
- Blood loss or hypotension due to physical trauma
- Diarrhea
- Hyperthermia
- Shock
- Vomiting
Infectious Diseases:
- Cholera
- Gastroenteritis
- Shigellosis
- Yellow fever
Malnutrition:
- Electrolyte imbalance
- Hypernatremia
- Hyponatremia
- Excessive alcohol consumption
- Fasting
- Patient refusal of nutrition and hydration
Other:
- Severe hyperglycemia, as seen in Diabetes Mellitus
Systemic Involvement [2][edit | edit source]
Dehydration can cause serious systemic involvement, especially severe dehydration. Some problems that may occur include: heat injury, cerebral edema, seizures, hypovolemic shock, kidney failure, coma and death.
Heat injury: Heat injury occurs most often in individuals who exercise vigorously and sweat excessively. Severity of heat injury ranges from mild heat cramps to heat exhaustion to a more life-threatening heat stroke.
Cerebral edema: This condition, also called swelling of the brain, occurs when one is trying to rehydrate. Cerebral edema occurs when one's body tries to pull too much water back into its cells causing them to swell and rupture.
Seizures: Seizures occur when one's electrolytes are out of balance and send mixed signals between cells. This can lead to involuntary muscle contractions and loss of consciousness.
Hypovolemic shock: This is one of the more serious conditions that can come from dehydration. This may happen when a low blood volume causes the person's blood pressure to drop along with a drop in the amount of oxygen in the body.
Kidney failure: This potentially life-threatening problem happens when a person's kidneys are no longer able to remove excess fluids and waste from the body.
Coma and death: If severe dehydration isn't treated quickly, it can be fatal.
Medical Management (current best evidence)[edit | edit source]
The treatment of dehydration is best corrected with replenishment of necessary water and electrolytes. For minor dehydration, consumption of a sports drink, like Gatorade or Powerade, will be sufficient in rehydrating the body. For more severe cases, one needs medical attention in which fluids are administered through an IV. [1]
Physical Therapy Management (current best evidence)[edit | edit source]
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Alternative/Holistic Management (current best evidence)[edit | edit source]
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Differential Diagnosis[edit | edit source]
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Case Reports/ Case Studies[edit | edit source]
add links to case studies here (case studies should be added on new pages using the case study template)
Resources
[edit | edit source]
Dehydration: best practice in the care home
Recent Related Research (from Pubmed)[edit | edit source]
see tutorial on Adding PubMed Feed
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References[edit | edit source]
see adding references tutorial.
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Dehydration: Why is it so dangerous? Rehydrate website. 2012. Available at: rehydrate.org/dehydration/index.html. Accessed March 15, 2013.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 MayoClinic. Dehydration. Mayoclinic website. 2011. Available at: http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/dehydration/DS00561. Accessed March 15, 2013.
- ↑ Dehydration-What is Dehydration?. News-medical website. Available at: http://www.news-medical.net/health/Dehydration-What-is-Dehydration.aspx. Accessed on March 15, 2013.