Anatomy and Physiology of Swallowing: Difference between revisions
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== Introduction == | == Introduction == | ||
Deglutition is the process of swallowing which defines the movement of liquids or solids from the mouth to the stomach via the pharynx and esophagus. This process accommodates the changes in development as well as changes related to pathology associated with dysphagia. The elements of swallowing such as the suck, swallow, and breathing sequence evolve in the early stages of development and end with a conscious action of swallowing. Multiple organ systems are involved in this process and include musculoskeletal system, neuromuscular system and respiratory system. Normal swallowing requires a coordinated effort of over thirty muscles <ref>Umay E, Akaltun MS, Uz C. Association between swallowing muscle mass and dysphagia in older adults: A case-control study. J Oral Rehabil. 2023 Jun;50(6):429-439.</ref>, the central nervous system, and six cranial nerves.<ref>Arvedson J, Lefton-Greif M, Reigstad D, Brodsky L. Clinical swallowing and feeding assessment. San Diego, CA: Plural Publishing; 2020.</ref> Additionally the nose, the nassal cavity, the oral cavity, and the pharynx are key anatomy structures involved in this process. This article explores anatomy and physiology pertain to the process of normal swallowing. | |||
== | == Developmental Anatomy and Swallowing == | ||
Anatomical differences in the swallowing structures are present from infant, through older child, to adulthood. Alongside the anatomical changes , the swallowing adaptation occurs. | |||
Infant: | |||
* small mouth | |||
* tongue takes up most of the capacity of the mouth | |||
* no teeth | |||
* sucking is possible by using their tongue, sucking pads, and sulci. | |||
* lack of distinct oropharynx | |||
* the size of the larynx is 1/3 of an adult larynx | |||
* the base of the tongue is close to the larynx | |||
Older child: | |||
* tongue lies at a lower position (floor of the mouth) since the mouth is bigger and the tongue sits behind the teeth | |||
* cheek muscles such as buccinators generate sucking mechanism | |||
* degeneration of the sucking pads | |||
* the pharynx lengthens vertically | |||
* The nasopharynx becomes a 90-degree angle and the epiglottis becomes wide and flattened | |||
* the base of the tongue and the larynx separate by the age 4 | |||
== Sub Heading 3 == | == Sub Heading 3 == | ||
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[[Category:Course Pages]] | |||
[[Category:ReLAB-HS Course Page]] | |||
[[Category:Anatomy]] | |||
[[Category:Physiology]] | |||
Revision as of 14:33, 23 May 2024
Original Editor - User Name
Top Contributors - Ewa Jaraczewska and Jess Bell
Introduction[edit | edit source]
Deglutition is the process of swallowing which defines the movement of liquids or solids from the mouth to the stomach via the pharynx and esophagus. This process accommodates the changes in development as well as changes related to pathology associated with dysphagia. The elements of swallowing such as the suck, swallow, and breathing sequence evolve in the early stages of development and end with a conscious action of swallowing. Multiple organ systems are involved in this process and include musculoskeletal system, neuromuscular system and respiratory system. Normal swallowing requires a coordinated effort of over thirty muscles [1], the central nervous system, and six cranial nerves.[2] Additionally the nose, the nassal cavity, the oral cavity, and the pharynx are key anatomy structures involved in this process. This article explores anatomy and physiology pertain to the process of normal swallowing.
Developmental Anatomy and Swallowing[edit | edit source]
Anatomical differences in the swallowing structures are present from infant, through older child, to adulthood. Alongside the anatomical changes , the swallowing adaptation occurs.
Infant:
- small mouth
- tongue takes up most of the capacity of the mouth
- no teeth
- sucking is possible by using their tongue, sucking pads, and sulci.
- lack of distinct oropharynx
- the size of the larynx is 1/3 of an adult larynx
- the base of the tongue is close to the larynx
Older child:
- tongue lies at a lower position (floor of the mouth) since the mouth is bigger and the tongue sits behind the teeth
- cheek muscles such as buccinators generate sucking mechanism
- degeneration of the sucking pads
- the pharynx lengthens vertically
- The nasopharynx becomes a 90-degree angle and the epiglottis becomes wide and flattened
- the base of the tongue and the larynx separate by the age 4
Sub Heading 3[edit | edit source]
Resources[edit | edit source]
- bulleted list
- x
or
- numbered list
- x
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ Umay E, Akaltun MS, Uz C. Association between swallowing muscle mass and dysphagia in older adults: A case-control study. J Oral Rehabil. 2023 Jun;50(6):429-439.
- ↑ Arvedson J, Lefton-Greif M, Reigstad D, Brodsky L. Clinical swallowing and feeding assessment. San Diego, CA: Plural Publishing; 2020.
