Fitness and Performance Testing in Sport - Benefits, Requirements and Results

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Why Fitness and Performance Testing in Sport?

Reasons for fitness and performance testing in athletes include:

• Assess athletic talent
• Identify physical abilities
  • strengths and weaknesses
• Identify areas in need of improvement
• Goal setting
• Progress evaluation or to determine the need for possible changes in training programme (Fukuda)
• Indicates effectiveness of decisions related to athletes (Fukuda text book)
• Provides quality data that can inform decision-making processes (Fukuda)
• Outcomes of tests can be used to identify skill sets that will determine player positions or specialities
• May predict performance
• Can help in injury prevention and prehabilitation
  • read more on Musculoskeletal Injury Risk Screening (link)
• Results can be compared against normative data
  • this can help athletes see where they currently stand or how much they have progressed

Requirements of Testing

The concepts of validity and reliability are key to effective assessments. Consider the following principles in performance testing:

• Specificity
  • designed to assess and athlete's fitness for the activity in question
  • consider the general demands of the sport or activity
    • type of exercises/movements required during sport(e.g., running, jumping, kicking, throwing)
    • can movement or exercise be completed in a single movement (discrete), is there a series of connected movements (serial) or is there a repeated pattern of movements (cyclical)
    • discrete and serial movements are usually easy identifiable but may need to be broken up into phases to focus on specific demands
    • cyclical movements focus on the repetitive physical actions and this needs to be considered when selecting an appropriate test
  • consider athlete constraints
    • individual constraints such as:
      • athlete's physical and psychological state
      • training experience of athlete
      • current injury or previous injuries
      • availability of normative data for a specific athlete
    • task constraints
      • work to rest ratio (e.g., football (soccer) player with a work to rest ratio of 1:4, during the game the player's work consists out of short-duration sprints and sudden changes in direction, and the rest periods represents the time the player is walking or standing during the game.)
      • athlete playing position (think about American football, where linemen need to have strength to defend opposing linemen versus the wide receiver who needs to catch the ball in the air)
      • competition level may also influence test selection
    • environmental constraints
      • policies of sporting organisation
      • physical test environment (indoor vs outdoor, privacy, etc)
• Validity
  • the degree to which the test measures what it claims to measure
  • this is the most important characteristic of testing
  • Types of validity:
    • Construct validity
      • The ability of a test to represent the underlying construct (the theory developed to organise and explain some aspects of existing knowledge and observations)
    • Face or logical validity
      • The appearance to the athlete and other observers that the test measures what it is intended to measure
    • Content validity
      • The assessment by experts that the testing covers all relevant subtopics or component abilities in appropriate proportions
    • Criterion-referenced validity
      • The extent to which test scores are associated with some other measure of the same ability
    • Discriminant validity
      • The results of a test can differentiate between individuals who have different physical fitness attributes (e.g., athletes vs non-athletes, endurance vs strength athletes)

• Reliability
  • A measure of the degree of consistency or repeatability of a test
  • Capable of consistent repetition
  • Measurement error in reliability can arise from the following:
    • Intra-subject (within subjects) variability
      • The lack of consistent performance by the person tested
    • Intra-rater (within raters) variability
      • The consistency of scores by a given tester
    • Inter-rater (between raters) reliability
      • The consistency of scores across a group of raters
• Objectivity
  • Produce a consistent result irrespective of the tester
• Other considerations
  • Tests should not require any technical competence on the part of the athlete (unless it is being used to assess technique)
  • Care should be taken to make sure that the athlete understands precisely what is required of him/her, what is being measured and why
  • Test procedures should be strictly standardised in terms of administration, organisation and environmental conditions
    • Repeatability

Test Selection

• Needs of the team/coach
  • Rehabilitation professionals can use their knowledge and experience to inform the goals or performance outcomes
  • selected assessments help with decision-making processes
• Needs of the athlete
  • Age
  • Career level
  • Injury or training status
• Relevance of the test
  • how will this help a rehabilitation professional address the athlete's needs?
  • determine which physical fitness attributes are relevant
• Ease of implementation
  • consider available resources and barriers to implementation
• Redundant assessments
  • select the sufficient amount of tests to address the athlete's needs without too much overlap between tests
• Intentional efficiency
• Testing specificity
• Availability of normative data

SWOT Analysis Framework

"This framework may help determine the feasibility of implementing assessments." Fukuda

• S = Strengths (internal factor)
• W = Weaknesses (internal factor)
• O = Opportunities (external factor)
• T = Threats (external factor)

Other Considerations with Test Selection

Some more considerations with test selection include:

• Metabolic Energy System Specificity
  • Consider the energy demands of the sport and which system (phosphagen, glycolytic and/or oxidative) are being used
  • Read more about these Energy Systems
  • When selecting an appropriate test for a specific ability, clinicians should be familiar with the demands of the sport
  • position of player and position dependent aspects
  • work-rest ratio
  • Biomechanical movement pattern specificity
    • Test need to have similarities with important movements of the sport or activity and consider position dependent aspects
    • For example a vertical jump test will be more appropriate for a volleyball player than a hockey player
  • Experience and training status
    • Athlete's ability to perform technique
      • Experienced athletes may be familiar with a sport-specific technique-intensive test, but in a novice poor or improper technique may influence test performance
    • Athlete's level of strength and endurance
      • It might not be ideal to ask a weightlifter to complete a 10 km endurance test
  • Age and Sex
    • this may affect athlete's experience, interest and ability
  • Environmental factors
    • High temperature and high humidity can impair performance, have health risks and lower the validity of aerobic endurance tests
    • Fluctuations in temperature can affect the ability to compare test results over time
    • Altitude will influence endurance tests, but not strength and power tests
    • Standardised environmental conditions are needed wherever possible