Osteitis Pubis

Original Editor - Tehseen ZahraTop contributors-{Tehseen Zahra, Lucinda hampton, Pacifique Dusabeyezu, Kim Jackson, Shreya Pavaskar and Aminat Abolade

Introduction

Osteitis pubis is defined as an idiopathic, inflammatory condition of the pubic symphysis and surrounding structures, but it is most likely related to overuse or trauma. Osteitis pubis was first described in patients who had undergone suprapubic surgery, and it remains a well-known complication of invasive procedures about the pelvis. It may also occur as an inflammatory process in athletes.

Clinical presentation

The presentation is typical with varying degrees of pelvic and/or perineal pain, reproduced on hip adduction.

Pathology

Although the aetiology is sometimes unknown, the most common causes are:

• pregnancy/childbirth
• high-level of athletic activity: see athletic pubalgia
• urological or gynaecological surgery
• trauma
• psoriatic arthritis
• ankylosing spondylitis

Pathophysiology

The pubic symphysis is a non-synovial amphiarthrodial joint with an interposed fibrocartilaginous disc separating hyaline cartilage. The joint normally has minimal motion due to the static ligamentous complex. The pubic symphysis serves as the insertion point of the rectus abdominis and origin of the adductor complex. The antagonistic nature of the rectus abdominis, which elevates the pubic symphysis while the adductors depress the joint, serves as a nidus for the development of osteitis pubis—the repetitive use of the anterior pelvic musculature results in chronic tendinosis. The chronic muscle imbalance results in abnormal forces across the pubic symphysis, causing symphyseal instability, pubic bone stress reaction, and eventually degeneration of the hyaline cartilage. Another emerging theory poses that osteitis pubis develops secondary to increased compensatory motion across the joint because of limited motion elsewhere in the kinetic chain, such as in femoroacetabular impingement.

Mechanism of Injury

The Centre of gravity of the body is located within the pelvis that’s why it is greatly stressed in all athletic activities. The biomechanical forces are applied through the pelvis of an athlete during kicking, acceleration and deceleration which increases the incidence of osteitis pubis. These forces cause chronic overloading of the pubic symphysis and parasymphyseal bone leading to a bony stress reaction.

Clinical Presentation

An athlete with osteitis pubis presents with anterior and medial groin pain or it may be located directly over the pubic symphysis. Pain may also occur in the lower abdominal muscles, adductor region, perineal region, inguinal, and scrotum which is aggravated by running, cutting, hip adduction, flexion against resistance, and by activities that causes loading on the rectus abdominis.

Diagnosis

On palpation, tenderness is common over the symphyseal region. Several tests are performed such as the pubic symphysis gap test with isometric adductor contraction and lateral compression test. Some provocation tests are helpful i.e single adductor, squeeze, and bilateral adductor tests(best) for the assessment of chronic groin pain. Clinical findings can also include Positive FABER test, restricted range of hip motion, sacroiliac joint dysfunction, and weakness of abductor or adductor muscles. Along with that radiographs, MRI, triple-phase scintigraphy confirms the diagnosis and excludes any other cause of groin pain.

Differential Diagnosis

• Direct inguinal hernia,

• Indirect inguinal hernia,

• Sports hernia

• Athletic pubalgia,

• Adductor or iliopsoas injury,

• Femoro-acetabular impingement

• Acetabular labral tear,

• Pelvic stress fracture,

• Femoral neck stress fracture,

• Lumbar spine referred pain,

• Ilioinguinal neuralgia,

• Osteomyelitis can be considered but less common cause in athletes.

Epidemiology

Osteitis pubis is a common cause of groin pain in athletes. The incidence in athletes is 0.5%–8%, with a higher incidence in distance runners and athletes participating in kicking sports, mostly in male soccer players with 10%–18% of injuries per year.

Management and Return to Sport

Osteitis pubis is a self-limiting condition that improves by rest. Groin pain in osteitis pubis takes longer to resolve requiring extended period of rest but this is not possible for athletes. So treatment can vary from a conservative approach to surgical procedures depending upon the condition.

Conservative treatment

Conservative treatment includes rest, ice, reduced activity, anti-inflammatory drugs followed by an extensive rehabilitation program. The main aim is to correct muscular imbalances around the pubic symphysis which involves stretching and pelvic muscles strengthening. Physical therapy involving multimodal rehabilitation program is prescribed. In this program, patients are moved through different protocol stages after they are able to exercise without pain.

• Stage 1: This stage focuses on pain control and improving lumbo-pelvic stability. Stretching is performed except adductor and ischiopubic muscles. Cycling on an exercise bike is also started.

• Stage 2: It involves using a swiss ball for resistance and strengthening exercises of the pelvis, abdominal, and gluteal muscles.

• Stage 3 and 4: These include eccentric hip exercise, lunges, squats, and side-stepping with bands are done. Running is increased that involves a change of direction and pace. Kicking is only allowed at the end of the stage. Most athletes return to the pre-injury level within 3 months(4 to 14 weeks) while successful follow-up may take 6 to 14 months.

Injection Therapy

For the treatment of osteitis pubis, Corticosteriod injections into pubic symphysis are also used as an additional approach to accelerate return to sport. Some studies have reported pain relief at short-term follow-up but most are non-responders. So there is no strong evidence regarding the efficacy of short and long-term use of corticosteroids.

Surgical Treatment

Surgery is performed only after conservative management fails. It may be indicated after at least 3 months of well-conduced rehabilitation program.Surgical intervention is required for 5%–10% of patients refractory to conservative approaches.

References

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