Application of the New Protocol for Plantar Heel Pain: Difference between revisions
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“Not only will a thorough subjective exam tell you what the problem(s) are, but also how to treat them”. - Geoff Maitland | “Not only will a thorough subjective exam tell you what the problem(s) are, but also how to treat them”. - Geoff Maitland | ||
Communication plays an essential role in the process of assessment and effective, competent clinical communication skills are key to high-quality healthcare | Communication plays an essential role in the process of assessment and effective, competent clinical communication skills are key to high-quality healthcare.<ref>Iversen ED, Wolderslund MO, Kofoed PE, Gulbrandsen P, Poulsen H, Cold S et al. [https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s12909-020-02050-3.pdf Codebook for rating clinical communication skills based on the Calgary-Cambridge Guide]. BMC Med Educ. 2020;20(1):140. </ref> Different communication techniques, such as motivational interviewing, also have positive effects on the outcomes of physiotherapy treatment.<ref>Hiller A, Delany C. [https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Communication-in-physiotherapy%3A-challenging-Hiller/6f7bf1de5ae21579737e0a7aeb9744981af29497 Communication in physiotherapy: Challenging established theoretical approaches]. Manipulating Practices: A Critical Physiotherapy Reader. 2018:308-33. </ref> Following the principles of Motivational Interviewing, communication with the patient should include: <ref name=":0">Bernice Saban. Application of the New Protocol for Plantar Heel Pain. PhysioPlus Course. 2021</ref><ref>Norris M, Eva G, Fortune J, Frater T, Breckon J. [https://bmcmededuc.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s12909-019-1560-8.pdf Educating undergraduate occupational therapy and physiotherapy students in motivational interviewing: the student perspective]. BMC medical education. 2019 Dec;19(1):1-7. </ref><ref>Pace BT, Dembe A, Soma CS, Baldwin SA, Atkins DC, Imel ZE. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6039097/pdf/nihms978010.pdf A multivariate meta-analysis of motivational interviewing process and outcome]. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors. 2017 Aug;31(5):524. </ref><ref>Hashim MJ. [https://www.aafp.org/afp/2017/0101/afp20170101p29.pdf Patient-centered communication: basic skills]. American family physician. 2017 Jan 1;95(1):29-34. </ref> | ||
* Open questions | * Open questions | ||
Line 21: | Line 21: | ||
* Active listening | * Active listening | ||
* Use of reflections | * Use of reflections | ||
* Explanations during the interview | * Explanations during the interview | ||
Assessment is one of the cornerstones of the physiotherapeutic approach (Maitland | Assessment is one of the cornerstones of the physiotherapeutic approach.<ref name=":1">Hengeveld E (ed.), Banks K (ed.), Maitland GD. Maitland's peripheral manipulation. 4th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier/Butterworth Heinemann; 2005.</ref> While the principles of musculoskeletal assessment are universal, it is important to also focus specifically on the area the patient complains of, which in this instance is the heel. | ||
The typical musculoskeletal assessment includes: | The typical musculoskeletal assessment includes:<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">Alazzawi S, Sukeik M, King D, Vemulapalli K. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5241541/pdf/WJO-8-21.pdf Foot and ankle history and clinical examination: A guide to everyday practice]. World journal of orthopedics. 2017 Jan 18;8(1):21 </ref> | ||
* Subjective assessment (interview) | * Subjective assessment (interview) | ||
* Objective/physical examination | * Objective/physical examination | ||
The interview should include: | |||
The interview should include:<ref name=":0" /> | |||
* Personal information | * Personal information | ||
Line 38: | Line 39: | ||
* General health | * General health | ||
Typical questions asked in a thorough interview (subjective evaluation) includes | |||
Typical questions asked in a thorough interview (subjective evaluation) includes (Figure 1 and 2):<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /><ref>Killens D. [https://web.a.ebscohost.com/ehost/ebookviewer/ebook/bmxlYmtfXzIxNDI1MjVfX0FO0?sid=fce810a0-b36b-4ffa-8db4-223b8adc0f22%40sessionmgr4007&vid=3&format=EB&rid=1 Mobilizing the Myofascial System: A Clinical Guide to Assessment and Treatment of Myofascial Dysfunctions]. Edinburgh: Handspring Publishing; 2018. </ref> | |||
* Areas of pain | * Areas of pain | ||
Line 44: | Line 46: | ||
* Behaviour of the symptoms (factors that provoke and ease symptoms, 24-hour behaviour) | * Behaviour of the symptoms (factors that provoke and ease symptoms, 24-hour behaviour) | ||
* Functional difficulties | * Functional difficulties | ||
Figure 1. Heel Pain Specific Examination Form - Location and pain and history | Figure 1. Heel Pain Specific Examination Form - Location and pain and history | ||
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Figure 2. Heel Pain Specific Examination Form - Behaviour of the symptoms | Figure 2. Heel Pain Specific Examination Form - Behaviour of the symptoms | ||
The interview is followed by the physical examination of the patient, which includes (Figure 3 and 4): ( | The interview is followed by the physical examination of the patient, which includes (Figure 3 and 4): <ref name=":0" /> | ||
* Physical measures, which for PHPS includes the 3 heel pain tests previously discussed <ref name=":3">Saban B, Masharawi Y. [[Three single leg standing tests for clinical assessment of chronic plantar heel pain syndrome: static stance, half-squat and heel rise]]. Physiotherapy. 2017 Jun 1;103(2):237-44. | |||
</ref> | |||
* Support for the estimated diagnosis and whether the presentation is typical or atypical | * Support for the estimated diagnosis and whether the presentation is typical or atypical | ||
* Investigation of other sources of heel pain, including the spine, systemic disease, yellow flags and red flags | * Investigation of other sources of heel pain, including the spine, systemic disease, yellow flags and red flags | ||
Figure | Figure 3. Heel Pain Specific Examination Form - Physical examination <ref name=":0" /> | ||
Figure 4. Heel Pain Specific Examination Form - Physical examination <ref name=":0" /> | |||
* The setting of functional and clinical treatment goals ( | Completion of the examination includes (Figure 5): <ref name=":0" /> | ||
* The setting of functional and clinical treatment goals <ref>Stevens A, Köke A, van der Weijden T, Beurskens A. [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Anna-Beurskens/publication/316910588_The_development_of_a_patient-specific_method_for_physiotherapy_goal_setting_a_user-centered_design/links/5a1d1335a6fdcc0af3269d5c/The-development-of-a-patient-specific-method-for-physiotherapy-goal-setting-a-user-centered-design.pdf The development of a patient-specific method for physiotherapy goal setting: a user-centered design]. Disability and rehabilitation. 2018 Aug 14;40(17):2048-55. </ref> | |||
* Planning of the treatment interventions - manual therapy and exercises | * Planning of the treatment interventions - manual therapy and exercises | ||
* Explanations to the patients including information about the syndrome, recommendations, advice, answering of questions and the treatment plan | * Explanations to the patients including information about the syndrome, recommendations, advice, answering of questions and the treatment plan | ||
Figure 5. Completion of the examination | |||
Figure 5. Completion of the examination <ref name=":0" /> | |||
== Planning of the Initial Sessions == | == Planning of the Initial Sessions == | ||
Each treatment session will include 3 main sections: | Each treatment session will include 3 main sections: | ||
* Assessment | * Assessment | ||
* Manual Therapy | * Manual Therapy | ||
* Exercise Therapy | * Exercise Therapy | ||
* The interview and physical examination, including the 3 clinical tests | The '''''<u>first treatment session</u>''''' should include: | ||
* Treatment - deep friction massage of the calf muscles for at least 10 minutes | |||
* The interview and physical examination, including the 3 clinical tests <ref name=":3" /> and palpation of the calf muscles <ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4">Saban B, Deutscher D, Ziv T. [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1356689X13001471?via%3Dihub Deep massage to posterior calf muscles in combination with neural mobilization exercises as a treatment for heel pain: a pilot randomized clinical trial]. Manual therapy. 2014 Apr 1;19(2):102-8. </ref> | |||
* Treatment - deep friction massage of the calf muscles for at least 10 minutes <ref name=":4" /> | |||
* Reassessment using the 3 clinical tests | * Reassessment using the 3 clinical tests | ||
* Home exercise - the Lunge exercise | * Home exercise - the Lunge exercise <ref name=":4" /> | ||
For the second treatment session, it is necessary to establish “what has changed” since the previous session with the patient through reassessment. From here on, each treatment should be customised for each patient in order to comprehensively address their needs. | For the '''<u>''second treatment session''</u>''', it is necessary to establish “what has changed” since the previous session with the patient through reassessment. From here on, each treatment should be customised for each patient in order to comprehensively address their needs. | ||
The second treatment will include an assessment of the functional measures as reported by the patient (Figure 6). These generally include the level, frequency and duration of the pain with “first steps in the morning”, followed by other measures previously reported by the patient. | The second treatment will include an assessment of the functional measures as reported by the patient (Figure 6). These generally include the level, frequency and duration of the pain with “first steps in the morning”, followed by other measures previously reported by the patient.<ref name=":0" /> | ||
Figure 6. Functional measures | Figure 6. Functional measures <ref name=":0" /> | ||
Following the reassessment of the functional measures, the clinical measures (3 clinical tests) should also be reassessed based on the (Figure 7): | Following the reassessment of the functional measures, the clinical measures (3 clinical tests) should also be reassessed based on the (Figure 7): | ||
Line 93: | Line 101: | ||
* Time standing | * Time standing | ||
Figure | Figure 7. Reassessment of the Clinical Measures <ref name=":0" /> | ||
Figure 8 | Figure 8 provides a summary of the steps to follow during the second treatment session: | ||
Figure 8. Second Treatment Session <ref name=":0" /> | |||
Figure 9. Approach to Follow-up Visits | All '''<u>''follow-up sessions''</u>''' should follow the sequence of the first session while progressing the exercises as necessary (Figure 9). | ||
Figure 9. Approach to Follow-up Visits <ref name=":0" /> | |||
== Planning of the Treatment Series == | == Planning of the Treatment Series == | ||
Management of the treatment series will be mostly determined by the functional and clinical measures (Figure 10). If there is a 90-100% improvement in these measures, the patient can be discharged from therapy with advise to: | Management of the treatment series will be mostly determined by the functional and clinical measures (Figure 10). If there is a 90-100% improvement in these measures, the patient can be discharged from therapy with advise to: <ref name=":0" /> | ||
* Continue with the stretch exercises to prevent deterioration of their condition | * Continue with the stretch exercises to prevent deterioration of their condition | ||
* Incorporate self-massage of the calf muscles | * Incorporate self-massage of the calf muscles | ||
It is also important to note that the effect of the deep friction massage and the stretch exercises might not be immediate as it takes time for the tissues to change and adapt. Treatments can also be varied as the patient progresses through the treatment series by: | |||
It is also important to note that the effect of the deep friction massage and the stretch exercises might not be immediate as it takes time for the tissues to change and adapt. Treatments can also be varied as the patient progresses through the treatment series by:<ref name=":0" /> | |||
* Including different exercises | * Including different exercises | ||
Line 115: | Line 125: | ||
* Adapting the advice to the patient | * Adapting the advice to the patient | ||
On average, six to eight treatments provided at a frequency of once to twice a week should be sufficient to alleviate symptoms of heel pain in individuals with PHPS | Figure 10. Management of the treatment series <ref name=":0" /> | ||
On average, six to eight treatments provided at a frequency of once to twice a week should be sufficient to alleviate symptoms of heel pain in individuals with PHPS. <ref name=":0" /><ref name=":4" /> Hence, even if no improvement occurred in the functional and clinical measures after 4-5 treatments, treatment should be continued. Change in the calf muscles with palpation (more pliable, less stiff, fewer painful areas) can also be used to measure improvement should there be no change in the functional or clinical measures after six treatments (Figure 10). Refer to a physician if no improvement occurs and the patient reports worsening of the symptoms which cannot be attributed to treatment soreness.<ref name=":0" /> | |||
Patients should be encouraged to return to function, including walk and gradual return to sports. Research has shown an association between a lack of participation in regular exercise and PHPS, affirming that walking, running and sports are not risk factors for PHPS but rather protective against it.<ref name=":4" /><ref>Van Leeuwen KD, Rogers J, Winzenberg T, van Middelkoop M. [https://bjsm.bmj.com/content/50/16/972.short Higher body mass index is associated with plantar fasciopathy/‘plantar fasciitis’: systematic review and meta-analysis of various clinical and imaging risk factors]. British journal of sports medicine. 2016 Aug 1;50(16):972-81. | |||
</ref> | |||
Patients often arrive at physiotherapy with ideas from friends/family of what is needed to alleviate their symptoms. Figure 11 provides an option for the conversation with the patient demanding specific | Patients often arrive at physiotherapy with ideas from friends/family of what is needed to alleviate their symptoms. Figure 11 provides an option for the conversation with the patient demanding specific treatment modalities which might have limited effect on their condition.<ref name=":0" /> | ||
Figure 11. Option for conversation | Figure 11. Option for conversation <ref name=":0" /> | ||
== Conclusion == | == Conclusion == | ||
The series on PHPS has provided clinicians with: | The series on PHPS has provided clinicians with:<ref name=":0" /> | ||
* an assessment tool that that provides immediate and useful measures and is cost-free and easy to apply | * an assessment tool that that provides immediate and useful measures and is cost-free and easy to apply |
Revision as of 19:36, 13 October 2021
Original Editor - User Name
Top Contributors - Merinda Rodseth, Wanda van Niekerk, Kim Jackson, Jess Bell, Olajumoke Ogunleye and Ewa Jaraczewska
Introduction[edit | edit source]
The application of the “new protocol” for Plantar Heel Pain (PHP) will be discussed in three distinct parts:
- Assessment of the patient
- Planning of the initial session
- Planning of the treatment series
Patient Assessment[edit | edit source]
“Not only will a thorough subjective exam tell you what the problem(s) are, but also how to treat them”. - Geoff Maitland
Communication plays an essential role in the process of assessment and effective, competent clinical communication skills are key to high-quality healthcare.[1] Different communication techniques, such as motivational interviewing, also have positive effects on the outcomes of physiotherapy treatment.[2] Following the principles of Motivational Interviewing, communication with the patient should include: [3][4][5][6]
- Open questions
- Patient involvement
- Empathy
- Active listening
- Use of reflections
- Explanations during the interview
Assessment is one of the cornerstones of the physiotherapeutic approach.[7] While the principles of musculoskeletal assessment are universal, it is important to also focus specifically on the area the patient complains of, which in this instance is the heel.
The typical musculoskeletal assessment includes:[7][8]
- Subjective assessment (interview)
- Objective/physical examination
The interview should include:[3]
- Personal information
- Analysis of the symptoms to a diagnosis of whether the condition is typical or atypical
- Differential diagnosis of the sources of heel pain, including systemic sources, yellow flags and red flags
- Functional measures including functional limitations
- General health
Typical questions asked in a thorough interview (subjective evaluation) includes (Figure 1 and 2):[3][8][9]
- Areas of pain
- History of the complaint
- Behaviour of the symptoms (factors that provoke and ease symptoms, 24-hour behaviour)
- Functional difficulties
Figure 1. Heel Pain Specific Examination Form - Location and pain and history
Figure 2. Heel Pain Specific Examination Form - Behaviour of the symptoms
The interview is followed by the physical examination of the patient, which includes (Figure 3 and 4): [3]
- Physical measures, which for PHPS includes the 3 heel pain tests previously discussed [10]
- Support for the estimated diagnosis and whether the presentation is typical or atypical
- Investigation of other sources of heel pain, including the spine, systemic disease, yellow flags and red flags
Figure 3. Heel Pain Specific Examination Form - Physical examination [3]
Figure 4. Heel Pain Specific Examination Form - Physical examination [3]
Completion of the examination includes (Figure 5): [3]
- The setting of functional and clinical treatment goals [11]
- Planning of the treatment interventions - manual therapy and exercises
- Explanations to the patients including information about the syndrome, recommendations, advice, answering of questions and the treatment plan
Figure 5. Completion of the examination [3]
Planning of the Initial Sessions[edit | edit source]
Each treatment session will include 3 main sections:
- Assessment
- Manual Therapy
- Exercise Therapy
The first treatment session should include:
- The interview and physical examination, including the 3 clinical tests [10] and palpation of the calf muscles [10][12]
- Treatment - deep friction massage of the calf muscles for at least 10 minutes [12]
- Reassessment using the 3 clinical tests
- Home exercise - the Lunge exercise [12]
For the second treatment session, it is necessary to establish “what has changed” since the previous session with the patient through reassessment. From here on, each treatment should be customised for each patient in order to comprehensively address their needs.
The second treatment will include an assessment of the functional measures as reported by the patient (Figure 6). These generally include the level, frequency and duration of the pain with “first steps in the morning”, followed by other measures previously reported by the patient.[3]
Figure 6. Functional measures [3]
Following the reassessment of the functional measures, the clinical measures (3 clinical tests) should also be reassessed based on the (Figure 7):
- Level of pain
- Number of repetitions
- Time standing
Figure 7. Reassessment of the Clinical Measures [3]
Figure 8 provides a summary of the steps to follow during the second treatment session:
Figure 8. Second Treatment Session [3]
All follow-up sessions should follow the sequence of the first session while progressing the exercises as necessary (Figure 9).
Figure 9. Approach to Follow-up Visits [3]
Planning of the Treatment Series[edit | edit source]
Management of the treatment series will be mostly determined by the functional and clinical measures (Figure 10). If there is a 90-100% improvement in these measures, the patient can be discharged from therapy with advise to: [3]
- Continue with the stretch exercises to prevent deterioration of their condition
- Incorporate self-massage of the calf muscles
It is also important to note that the effect of the deep friction massage and the stretch exercises might not be immediate as it takes time for the tissues to change and adapt. Treatments can also be varied as the patient progresses through the treatment series by:[3]
- Including different exercises
- Incorporating different muscles in the massage
- Adapting the advice to the patient
Figure 10. Management of the treatment series [3]
On average, six to eight treatments provided at a frequency of once to twice a week should be sufficient to alleviate symptoms of heel pain in individuals with PHPS. [3][12] Hence, even if no improvement occurred in the functional and clinical measures after 4-5 treatments, treatment should be continued. Change in the calf muscles with palpation (more pliable, less stiff, fewer painful areas) can also be used to measure improvement should there be no change in the functional or clinical measures after six treatments (Figure 10). Refer to a physician if no improvement occurs and the patient reports worsening of the symptoms which cannot be attributed to treatment soreness.[3]
Patients should be encouraged to return to function, including walk and gradual return to sports. Research has shown an association between a lack of participation in regular exercise and PHPS, affirming that walking, running and sports are not risk factors for PHPS but rather protective against it.[12][13]
Patients often arrive at physiotherapy with ideas from friends/family of what is needed to alleviate their symptoms. Figure 11 provides an option for the conversation with the patient demanding specific treatment modalities which might have limited effect on their condition.[3]
Figure 11. Option for conversation [3]
Conclusion[edit | edit source]
The series on PHPS has provided clinicians with:[3]
- an assessment tool that that provides immediate and useful measures and is cost-free and easy to apply
- a manual therapy intervention which includes deep friction massage and exercise
- a self-exercise programme
providing pain relief and return to function for the patient.
Resources[edit | edit source]
- bulleted list
- x
or
- numbered list
- x
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ Iversen ED, Wolderslund MO, Kofoed PE, Gulbrandsen P, Poulsen H, Cold S et al. Codebook for rating clinical communication skills based on the Calgary-Cambridge Guide. BMC Med Educ. 2020;20(1):140.
- ↑ Hiller A, Delany C. Communication in physiotherapy: Challenging established theoretical approaches. Manipulating Practices: A Critical Physiotherapy Reader. 2018:308-33.
- ↑ 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 3.10 3.11 3.12 3.13 3.14 3.15 3.16 3.17 3.18 3.19 3.20 Bernice Saban. Application of the New Protocol for Plantar Heel Pain. PhysioPlus Course. 2021
- ↑ Norris M, Eva G, Fortune J, Frater T, Breckon J. Educating undergraduate occupational therapy and physiotherapy students in motivational interviewing: the student perspective. BMC medical education. 2019 Dec;19(1):1-7.
- ↑ Pace BT, Dembe A, Soma CS, Baldwin SA, Atkins DC, Imel ZE. A multivariate meta-analysis of motivational interviewing process and outcome. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors. 2017 Aug;31(5):524.
- ↑ Hashim MJ. Patient-centered communication: basic skills. American family physician. 2017 Jan 1;95(1):29-34.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Hengeveld E (ed.), Banks K (ed.), Maitland GD. Maitland's peripheral manipulation. 4th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier/Butterworth Heinemann; 2005.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Alazzawi S, Sukeik M, King D, Vemulapalli K. Foot and ankle history and clinical examination: A guide to everyday practice. World journal of orthopedics. 2017 Jan 18;8(1):21
- ↑ Killens D. Mobilizing the Myofascial System: A Clinical Guide to Assessment and Treatment of Myofascial Dysfunctions. Edinburgh: Handspring Publishing; 2018.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Saban B, Masharawi Y. Three single leg standing tests for clinical assessment of chronic plantar heel pain syndrome: static stance, half-squat and heel rise. Physiotherapy. 2017 Jun 1;103(2):237-44.
- ↑ Stevens A, Köke A, van der Weijden T, Beurskens A. The development of a patient-specific method for physiotherapy goal setting: a user-centered design. Disability and rehabilitation. 2018 Aug 14;40(17):2048-55.
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 Saban B, Deutscher D, Ziv T. Deep massage to posterior calf muscles in combination with neural mobilization exercises as a treatment for heel pain: a pilot randomized clinical trial. Manual therapy. 2014 Apr 1;19(2):102-8.
- ↑ Van Leeuwen KD, Rogers J, Winzenberg T, van Middelkoop M. Higher body mass index is associated with plantar fasciopathy/‘plantar fasciitis’: systematic review and meta-analysis of various clinical and imaging risk factors. British journal of sports medicine. 2016 Aug 1;50(16):972-81.