Stress Fractures: Difference between revisions
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== Definition/Description == | == Definition/Description == | ||
Stress fractures represent a spectrum of injuries ranging from periostitis, caused by inflammation of the periosteum, to a complete stress fracture that includes a full cortical break. They are relatively common overuse injuries in athletes that are caused by repetitive submaximal loading on a bone over time and are often seen in running and jumping athletes and are associated with increased volume or intensity of training workload. Most common in the lower extremities and are specific to the sport in which the athlete participates. Upper extremity stress injuries (usually of ulna) are much less common and similar to the lower extremity injuries, upper extremity stress injuries are the result of overuse and fatigue. | Stress fractures represent a spectrum of injuries ranging from periostitis, caused by inflammation of the periosteum, to a complete stress fracture that includes a full cortical break. They are relatively common overuse injuries in athletes that are caused by repetitive submaximal loading on a bone over time and are often seen in running and jumping athletes and are associated with increased volume or intensity of training workload. Most common in the lower extremities and are specific to the sport in which the athlete participates. Upper extremity stress injuries (usually of ulna) are much less common and similar to the lower extremity injuries, upper extremity stress injuries are the result of overuse and fatigue.<ref name=":0">Kiel J, Kaiser K. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507835/ Stress reaction and fractures]. InStatPearls [Internet] 2019 Jun 4. StatPearls Publishing. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507835/ (last accessed 30.11.2019)</ref> | ||
This great 6 minute video sums up stress fractures. | |||
{{#ev:youtube|https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AVS99bCKwzQ|width}}<ref>Ohio state medical centre Stress Fractures, Explained by Ohio State Sports Medicine Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AVS99bCKwzQ (last accessed 30.11.2019)</ref> | |||
== Clinically Relevant Anatomy == | == Clinically Relevant Anatomy == | ||
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== Epidemiology /Etiology == | == Epidemiology /Etiology == | ||
Stress fractures are the partial or complete fracture of a bone as a result of sub-maximal loading. Normally, submaximal forces do not result in the fracture but with repetitive loading and inadequate time for healing and recovery, stress fractures can potentially occur. It still is unknown if the cause is contractile muscle forces acting on a bone or increased fatigue of supporting structures; it is likely that both contribute. | |||
Up to 20% of all sports medicine clinic injuries may be related to stress injuries<ref name=":0" /> | |||
Stress fractures are more common in weight-bearing than non-weight bearing limbs. Stress fractures of the tibia, metatarsals, and fibula are the most frequently reported sites. Medial tibial stress syndrome, also known as shin splints, is the most common form of early stress injury. This diagnosis reflects a spectrum of medial tibial pain in early manifestations before developing into a stress fracture. | |||
= | The location of stress injuries varies by sport. Among 1. track athletes - fractures to the navicular, tibia, and metatarsals are most common. 2 distance runners - the tibia and fibula are most common. 3 dancers - the metatarsals are most afflicted.4. military recruits- calcaneus and metatarsals are the most commonly fractured site. The ulna is the upper extremity bone most frequently affected.<ref name=":0" /><br>Women experienced stress fractures at higher rates than men, more often in the preseason, and predominantly in the foot and lower leg<ref>Rizzone KH, Ackerman KE, Roos KG, Dompier TP, Kerr ZY. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28937802 The epidemiology of stress fractures in collegiate student-athletes, 2004–2005 through 2013–2014 academic years.] Journal of athletic training. 2017 Oct;52(10):966-75. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28937802 (last accessed 30.11.2019)</ref>. | ||
=== Characteristics/Clinical Presentation === | |||
add text here <br> | add text here <br> | ||
Revision as of 07:35, 30 November 2019
This article or area is currently under construction and may only be partially complete. Please come back soon to see the finished work! (30/11/2019)
Definition/Description[edit | edit source]
Stress fractures represent a spectrum of injuries ranging from periostitis, caused by inflammation of the periosteum, to a complete stress fracture that includes a full cortical break. They are relatively common overuse injuries in athletes that are caused by repetitive submaximal loading on a bone over time and are often seen in running and jumping athletes and are associated with increased volume or intensity of training workload. Most common in the lower extremities and are specific to the sport in which the athlete participates. Upper extremity stress injuries (usually of ulna) are much less common and similar to the lower extremity injuries, upper extremity stress injuries are the result of overuse and fatigue.[1] This great 6 minute video sums up stress fractures.
Clinically Relevant Anatomy[edit | edit source]
add text here
Epidemiology /Etiology[edit | edit source]
Stress fractures are the partial or complete fracture of a bone as a result of sub-maximal loading. Normally, submaximal forces do not result in the fracture but with repetitive loading and inadequate time for healing and recovery, stress fractures can potentially occur. It still is unknown if the cause is contractile muscle forces acting on a bone or increased fatigue of supporting structures; it is likely that both contribute.
Up to 20% of all sports medicine clinic injuries may be related to stress injuries[1]
Stress fractures are more common in weight-bearing than non-weight bearing limbs. Stress fractures of the tibia, metatarsals, and fibula are the most frequently reported sites. Medial tibial stress syndrome, also known as shin splints, is the most common form of early stress injury. This diagnosis reflects a spectrum of medial tibial pain in early manifestations before developing into a stress fracture.
The location of stress injuries varies by sport. Among 1. track athletes - fractures to the navicular, tibia, and metatarsals are most common. 2 distance runners - the tibia and fibula are most common. 3 dancers - the metatarsals are most afflicted.4. military recruits- calcaneus and metatarsals are the most commonly fractured site. The ulna is the upper extremity bone most frequently affected.[1]
Women experienced stress fractures at higher rates than men, more often in the preseason, and predominantly in the foot and lower leg[3].
Characteristics/Clinical Presentation[edit | edit source]
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Differential Diagnosis[edit | edit source]
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Diagnostic Procedures[edit | edit source]
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Outcome Measures[edit | edit source]
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Examination[edit | edit source]
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Medical Management[edit | edit source]
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Physical Therapy Management[edit | edit source]
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Key Research[edit | edit source]
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Clinical Bottom Line[edit | edit source]
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References[edit | edit source]
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- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Kiel J, Kaiser K. Stress reaction and fractures. InStatPearls [Internet] 2019 Jun 4. StatPearls Publishing. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507835/ (last accessed 30.11.2019)
- ↑ Ohio state medical centre Stress Fractures, Explained by Ohio State Sports Medicine Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AVS99bCKwzQ (last accessed 30.11.2019)
- ↑ Rizzone KH, Ackerman KE, Roos KG, Dompier TP, Kerr ZY. The epidemiology of stress fractures in collegiate student-athletes, 2004–2005 through 2013–2014 academic years. Journal of athletic training. 2017 Oct;52(10):966-75. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28937802 (last accessed 30.11.2019)
