Impingement / Instability Differentiation: Difference between revisions

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== Purpose  ==
 
The purpose of this article is to help healthcare providers differentiate between shoulder impingement and instability by utilizing the most current literature.
 
== Impingement  ==
 
Individual special tests for sub-acromial impingement have varying psychometric properties. For this reason, it is best to utilize special test clusters in order to diagnose this injury. Two special test clusters are provided below that can be used in order to diagnose sub-acromial impingement<ref name="Calis">Caliş M, Akgün K, Birtane M, Karacan I, Caliş H, Tüzün F. Diagnostic values of clinical diagnostic tests in subacromial impingement syndrome. ''Ann Rheum Dis''. 2000 Jan;59(1):44-7.</ref>.
 
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{| width="80%" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="1" align="left"
|-
| <br>
| Sensitivity
| Specificity
| Accuracy%
| PPV%
| NPV%
|-
|-
| style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" |  
| [http://www.physio-pedia.com/index.php5?title=Hawkins_/_Kennedy_Test Hawkins-Kennedy]
Original Editor - Your name will be added here if you created the original content for this page.  
| .92
| .25
| 72.8
| 75.2
| 56.2
|-
| [http://www.physio-pedia.com/index.php5?title=Neers_Test Neers]
| .89
| .31
| 72.0  
| 75.9
| 52.3
|-
| [http://www.pthaven.com/page/show/161710-horizontal-adduction-two-angles- Horizontal-adduction]
| .82
| .28
| 66.4
| 73.7
| 38.4
|-
| [http://www.physio-pedia.com/index.php5?title=Speeds_Test Speed]
| .69
| .56
| 64.8
| 79.2
| 41.6
|-
| [http://www.pthaven.com/page/show/157396-yergason-s-test Yergason]
| .37
| .86
| 51.2
| 86.8
| 35.6
|-
| [http://www.physio-pedia.com/index.php5?title=Painful_Arc Painful arc]
| .33
| .81
| 46.4
| 80.5
| 32.5
|-
| [http://www.physio-pedia.com/index.php5?title=Drop_Arm_Test Drop arm]
| .08
| .97
| 33.6
| 87.5
| 29.9
|}


Lead Editors - If you would like to be a lead editor on this page, please [[Special:Contact|contact us]].
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== Purpose<br> ==
A total of 5 positive special tests is indicative for subacromial impingement<ref name="Calis" />.
 
{| width="80%" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="1"
|-
| Positive tests
| Sensitivity
| Specificity
| Accuracy%
| PPV%
| NPV%
|-
| All positive
| .04
| .97
| 31.2
| 80.0
| 29.1
|-
| <!--StartFragment--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Cambria;">≥6 positive</span><!--EndFragment-->
| .30
| .89
| 47.2
| 87.0
| 34.0
|-
| <!--StartFragment--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Cambria;">≥5 positive</span><!--EndFragment-->
| .38
| .86
| 52.0
| 87.1
| 36.0
|-
| <!--StartFragment--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Cambria;">≥4 positive</span><!--EndFragment-->
| .70
| .67
| 68.8
| 83.7
| 47.0
|-
| <!--StartFragment--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Cambria;">≥3 positive</span><!--EndFragment-->
| .84
| .44
| 72.8
| 72.8
| 44.4
|}


The purpose of this article is to help healthcare providers differentiate between shoulder impingement and instability by utilizing the most current literature.  
Accuracy: The percentage of time that the result of the test reflects the true nature of the condition
 
A second cluster utilizes a slightly different set of special tests<ref name="Michener">Michener LA, Walsworth MK, Doukas WC, Murphy KP. Reliability and diagnostic accuracy of 5 physical examination tests and combination of tests for subacromial impingement. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2009 Nov;90(11):1898-903.</ref>.  


&nbsp;
{| width="80%" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="1"
|-
| <br>
| Sensitivity
| Specificity
| Positive LR
| Negative LR
|-
| [http://www.physio-pedia.com/index.php5?title=Hawkins_/_Kennedy_Test Hawkins-Kennedy]
| .63
| .62
| 1.63
| .61
|-
| [http://www.physio-pedia.com/index.php5?title=Neers_Test Neers]
| .81
| .54
| 1.17
| .35
|-
| [http://www.physio-pedia.com/index.php5?title=Painful_Arc Painful arc]
| .75
| .67
| 2.25
| .38
|-
| [http://www.physio-pedia.com/index.php5?title=Empty_Can_Test Empty can]
| .50
| .87
| 3.90
| .57
|-
| External rotation resistance
| .56
| .87
| 4.39
| .50
|}


== Impingement ==
Any combination of 3 or more positive tests are indicative of sub-acromial impingement<ref name="Michener" />


<br>
{| width="80%" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="1"
|-
| <br>  
| Sensitivity
| Specificity
| Positive LR
| Negative LR
|-
| 3+ positive tests
| .75
| .74
| 2.93
| .34
|}


== Instability ==
== Instability ==


== References<br>  ==
{| width="80%" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="1"
|-
| Test
| Sensitivity
| Specificity
| +LR
| -LR
|-
| [[Apprehension Test|Apprehension test]]
| .72
| .96
| 20.2
| .29
|-
| [[Jobes Relocation Test|Relocation test]]
| .81
| .92
| 10.4
| .20
|-
| Anterior drawer test
| .53
| .85
| 3.57
| .56
|}


Caliş M, Akgün K, Birtane M, Karacan I, Caliş H, Tüzün F. Diagnostic values of clinical diagnostic tests in subacromial impingement syndrome. ''Ann Rheum Dis''. 2000 Jan;59(1):44-7.
Instability can be categorized in a few different ways, including anterior, posterior and multidirectional instability. The 3 tests above focus on the diagnosis for anterior shoulder instability<ref name="Farber">Farber AJ, Castillo R, Clough, M, et. al. Clinical assessment of three common tests for traumatic anterior shoulder instability. ''J Bone Joint Surg Am''. 2006;88:1467-1474.</ref>. <br>


Farber AJ, Castillo R, Clough, M, et. al. Clinical assessment of three common tests for traumatic anterior shoulder instability. ''J Bone Joint Surg Am''. 2006;88:1467-1474.
{| width="80%" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="1"
|-
| Positive tests
| Sensitivity
| Specificity
| +LR
| -LR
|-
| Apprehension, relocation and anterior drawer tests
| .48
| .99
| 39.1
| .52
|-
| Apprehension and relocation tests  
| .81
| .98
| 39.7
| .19
|-
| Relocation and anterior drawer tests
| .48
| .96
| 18.0
| .54
|-
| Apprehension and anterior drawer tests
| .46
| .98
| 23.1
| .55
|}


Gross ML &amp; Distefano MC. Anterior release test. A new test for occult shoulder instability. ''Clin Orthop Relat Res''. 1997;339:105-108.
<br>The above table represents a cluster to help rule in favor of an anterior shoulder instability diagnosis<ref name="Farber" />. With positive results of any 2 tests or more, you can be fairly confident ruling in favor of anterior shoulder instability. It should be noted that the apprehension test is only positive in the presence of apprehension and the relocation test is considered positive with the relief of apprehension. In addition, the anterior drawer test is positive when symptoms of instability are reproduced.  


Michener LA, Walsworth MK, Doukas WC, Murphy KP. Reliability and diagnostic accuracy of 5 physical examination tests and combination of tests for subacromial impingement. ''Arch Phys Med Rehabil.'' 2009 Nov;90(11):1898-903.
The tests below<ref>Gross ML &amp; Distefano MC. Anterior release test. A new test for occult shoulder instability. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1997;339:105-108.</ref><ref>Nakagawa S, Yoneda M, Hayashida K, et. al. Forced shoulder abduction and elbow flexion test: a new simple clinical test to detect superior labral injury in the throwing shoulder. J Arthr Relat Surg. 2005;21:1290-1295.</ref> are additional diagnostic tests for instability which may assist you in your examination, however they are not a part of the above mentioned cluster.  


Lo IK, Nonweiler B, Woolfrey M, et. al. An evaluation of the apprehension, relocation, and surprise tests for anterior shoulder instability. ''Amer J Sports Med''. 2004;32:301-307.
{| width="80%" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="1"
|-
| <br>
| Sensitivity
| Specificity
| +LR
| -LR
|-
| Anterior release test
| .92
| .89
| 8.6
| .09
|}


Nakagawa S, Yoneda M, Hayashida K, et. al. Forced shoulder abduction and elbow flexion test: a new simple clinical test to detect superior labral injury in the throwing shoulder. ''J Arthr Relat Surg''. 2005;21:1290-1295.<br>  
<br>  


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{| width="80%" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="1"
|-
| <br>
| Sensitivity
| Specificity
| +LR
| -LR
|-
|-
| The content on or accessible through Physiopedia is for informational purposes only. Physiopedia is not a substitute for professional advice or expert medical services from a qualified healthcare provider. [[Physiopedia:Terms of Service|Read more]].
| [[Inferior Sulcus Test|Sulcus Sign]]  
| .17
| .93
| 2.43
| .89
|}
|}
<br>+LR: describes how much the odds of impingement increase with a positive test<br>-LR: describes how much the odds of impingement decrease with a negative test<br><br>
== References  ==
<references />
[[Category:Assessment]]
[[Category:Shoulder - Assessment and Examination]]
[[Category:Shoulder]]
[[Category:Musculoskeletal/Orthopaedics]]
[[Category:Temple_Student_Project]]
[[Category:Sports Medicine]]
[[Category:Athlete Assessment]]

Latest revision as of 16:16, 29 August 2019

Original Editor - Andrew Bucknor and Kevin McLaughlin as part of the Temple University EBP Project

Top Contributors - Kevin McLaughlin, Admin, Andrew Bucknor, Rachael Lowe, Kim Jackson, Scott A Burns, WikiSysop, Wanda van Niekerk and 127.0.0.1  

Purpose[edit | edit source]

The purpose of this article is to help healthcare providers differentiate between shoulder impingement and instability by utilizing the most current literature.

Impingement[edit | edit source]

Individual special tests for sub-acromial impingement have varying psychometric properties. For this reason, it is best to utilize special test clusters in order to diagnose this injury. Two special test clusters are provided below that can be used in order to diagnose sub-acromial impingement[1].



Sensitivity Specificity Accuracy% PPV% NPV%
Hawkins-Kennedy .92 .25 72.8 75.2 56.2
Neers .89 .31 72.0 75.9 52.3
Horizontal-adduction .82 .28 66.4 73.7 38.4
Speed .69 .56 64.8 79.2 41.6
Yergason .37 .86 51.2 86.8 35.6
Painful arc .33 .81 46.4 80.5 32.5
Drop arm .08 .97 33.6 87.5 29.9









A total of 5 positive special tests is indicative for subacromial impingement[1].

Positive tests Sensitivity Specificity Accuracy% PPV% NPV%
All positive .04 .97 31.2 80.0 29.1
≥6 positive .30 .89 47.2 87.0 34.0
≥5 positive .38 .86 52.0 87.1 36.0
≥4 positive .70 .67 68.8 83.7 47.0
≥3 positive .84 .44 72.8 72.8 44.4

Accuracy: The percentage of time that the result of the test reflects the true nature of the condition

A second cluster utilizes a slightly different set of special tests[2].


Sensitivity Specificity Positive LR Negative LR
Hawkins-Kennedy .63 .62 1.63 .61
Neers .81 .54 1.17 .35
Painful arc .75 .67 2.25 .38
Empty can .50 .87 3.90 .57
External rotation resistance .56 .87 4.39 .50

Any combination of 3 or more positive tests are indicative of sub-acromial impingement[2]


Sensitivity Specificity Positive LR Negative LR
3+ positive tests .75 .74 2.93 .34

Instability[edit | edit source]

Test Sensitivity Specificity +LR -LR
Apprehension test .72 .96 20.2 .29
Relocation test .81 .92 10.4 .20
Anterior drawer test .53 .85 3.57 .56

Instability can be categorized in a few different ways, including anterior, posterior and multidirectional instability. The 3 tests above focus on the diagnosis for anterior shoulder instability[3].

Positive tests Sensitivity Specificity +LR -LR
Apprehension, relocation and anterior drawer tests .48 .99 39.1 .52
Apprehension and relocation tests .81 .98 39.7 .19
Relocation and anterior drawer tests .48 .96 18.0 .54
Apprehension and anterior drawer tests .46 .98 23.1 .55


The above table represents a cluster to help rule in favor of an anterior shoulder instability diagnosis[3]. With positive results of any 2 tests or more, you can be fairly confident ruling in favor of anterior shoulder instability. It should be noted that the apprehension test is only positive in the presence of apprehension and the relocation test is considered positive with the relief of apprehension. In addition, the anterior drawer test is positive when symptoms of instability are reproduced.

The tests below[4][5] are additional diagnostic tests for instability which may assist you in your examination, however they are not a part of the above mentioned cluster.


Sensitivity Specificity +LR -LR
Anterior release test .92 .89 8.6 .09



Sensitivity Specificity +LR -LR
Sulcus Sign .17 .93 2.43 .89


+LR: describes how much the odds of impingement increase with a positive test
-LR: describes how much the odds of impingement decrease with a negative test

References[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Caliş M, Akgün K, Birtane M, Karacan I, Caliş H, Tüzün F. Diagnostic values of clinical diagnostic tests in subacromial impingement syndrome. Ann Rheum Dis. 2000 Jan;59(1):44-7.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Michener LA, Walsworth MK, Doukas WC, Murphy KP. Reliability and diagnostic accuracy of 5 physical examination tests and combination of tests for subacromial impingement. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2009 Nov;90(11):1898-903.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Farber AJ, Castillo R, Clough, M, et. al. Clinical assessment of three common tests for traumatic anterior shoulder instability. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2006;88:1467-1474.
  4. ↑ Gross ML & Distefano MC. Anterior release test. A new test for occult shoulder instability. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1997;339:105-108.
  5. ↑ Nakagawa S, Yoneda M, Hayashida K, et. al. Forced shoulder abduction and elbow flexion test: a new simple clinical test to detect superior labral injury in the throwing shoulder. J Arthr Relat Surg. 2005;21:1290-1295.
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