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| '''Original Editor '''- [[User:Sinead Greenan|Sinead Greenan]]
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| '''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Contributors/{{FULLPAGENAME}}}}
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| </div>
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| == Objective ==
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| The '''Tinetti Falls Efficacy Scale''' is used to assess perception of [[balance]] and stability during activities of daily living and [[Fear of Falling|fear of falling]] in the elderly population, along with those diagnosed with [[Multiple Sclerosis]].
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| == Intended Population ==
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| Community and hospital inpatients with [[Traumatic Brain Injury|acquired brain injury]], multiple sclerosis, [[Spinal Cord Injury|spinal cord injury]], [[stroke]] and the [[Older People Introduction|elderly]] population.
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| == Method of Use ==
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| *The Tinetti Falls Efficacy Scale is a 10-item questionnaire designed to assess confidence in patients' ability to perform 10 daily tasks without falling as an indicator of how one's fear of falling impacts physical performance
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| *Each item is rated from 1 ("very confident") to 10 ("not confident at all"), and the per item ratings are added to generate a summary total score
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| *Total scores can range from 10 (best possible) to 100 (worst possible). Thus, lower scores indicate more confidence and higher scores indicate lack of confidence and greater fear of falling
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| {{#ev:youtube|EBHyLQiZcNI|300}}
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| == Evidence ==
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| === Reliability ===
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| ==== Test-retest Reliability ====
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| ''Geriatric:'' (Tinetti et al, 1990)<ref name="Tinetti et al">Tinetti, M., Richman, D., et al. "Falls efficacy as a measure of fear of falling." Journal of gerontology 1990 45(6): P239</ref>
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| *Adequate test-retest reliability (r = 0.71)
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| ''Chronic Stroke:'' (Hellstrom & Lindmark, 1999; n = 30; mean age = 65 (11) years; stroke onset between 5 and 84 months prior to assessment) <ref name="Hellstrom and Lindmark">Hellstrom, K. and Lindmark, B. "Fear of falling in patients with stroke: a reliability study." Clinical rehabilitation 1999 13(6): 509</ref>
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| *Excellent test-retest reliability (ICC = 0.97)
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| === Validity ===
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| ==== Criterion Validity ====
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| ''Geriatric:'' (Huang & Wang, 2009)<ref name="Huang and Wang" />
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| *Adequate concurrent validity with the ABC Scale (r = -0.55)
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| *Adequate concurrent validity with the Geriatric Fear of Falling Measurement (r = -0.57)
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| ''Geriatric:'' (Powell and Myers, 1995; n = 60 community-dwelling seniors aged 65-95; self-classified as either high or low in mobility confidence)<ref name="Powell and Myers">Powell, L. and Myers, A. "The activities-specific balance confidence (ABC) scale." The Journals of Gerontology: Series A 1995 50(1): M28</ref>
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| *Excellent correlation with the Activities Specific Balance Confidence Scale (ABC) (r = 0.84)
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| ''Spinal Cord Injury: ''(Wirz et al, 2010) <ref name="Wirz et al">Wirz, M., Muller, R., et al. "Falls in persons with spinal cord injury: validity and reliability of the Berg Balance Scale." Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2010 24(1): 70-77</ref>
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| *Excellent concurrent validity with the Berg Balance Scale and the 16-item FES-I (r = -0.81)
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| ==== Construct Validity ====
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| ''Geriatric:'' (Huang & Wang, 2009)<ref name="Huang and Wang">Huang, T. T. and Wang, W. S. "Comparison of three established measures of fear of falling in community-dwelling older adults: psychometric testing." International Journal of Nursing Studies 2009 46(10): 1313-1319</ref>
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| *Poor correlation with age (r = -0.23)
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| *Excellent correlation with balance (r = 0.66)
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| *Excellent correlation with gait (r = 0.67)
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| *Excellent correlation with mobility (r = 0.71)
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| *Adequate correlation with fall history (r = -0.47)
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| *Poor correlation with medical conditions (r = -0.18)
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| *Adequate correlation with self-rated health status (r = 0.36)
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| === Responsiveness ===
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| ''Elderly:'' (Powell & Myers, 1995)<ref name="Powell and Myers" />
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| *Large responsiveness between low and high mobility groups (Effect size = 1.20)
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| ''Elderly:'' (Harada et al, 1995; n = 53 individuals living in two residential care facilities for the elderly)<ref name="Harada et al">Harada, N., Chiu, V., et al. "Screening for balance and mobility impairment in elderly individuals living in residential care facilities." Physical Therapy 1995 75(6): 462</ref>
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| *Sensitivity (59%)
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| *Specificity (82%)
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| ''Parkinsons:'' (Cakit et al 2007)<ref name="Cakt et al">Cakt, B. D., Nacir, B., et al. "Cycling progressive resistance training for people with multiple sclerosis: a randomized controlled study." American Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2010 89(6): 446-457</ref>
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| *FES scores improved significantly (p < 0.01) in treadmill group but not in control group. (Also significant score change for BBS and DGI). However, FES did not differentiate “fallers” and “non-fallers” at baseline nor after treadmill training
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| == Resources ==
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| *[http://www.rehabmeasures.org/PDF%20Library/Falls%20Efficacy%20Scale.pdf Tinetti Falls Efficacy Scale]
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| == References ==
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| <references />
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| [[Category:Outcome_Measures]]
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| [[Category:Stroke]]
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| [[Category:Stroke - Outcome Measures]]
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| [[Category:Falls]]
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| [[Category:Neurological - Outcome Measures]]
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| [[Category:Occupational Health]]
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| [[Category:Older People/Geriatrics]]
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| [[Category:Older People/Geriatrics - Outcome Measures]]
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| [[Category:Older People/Geriatrics - Assessment and Examination]]
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