The influence of anabolic steroids on physiologic processes and exercise: Difference between revisions
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Steroids have not been shown to increase creatine concentrations in the muscle, red blood cell concentration, or serum liver enzyme concentrations as previously postulated.<ref name="BStorer">Bhasin S, Storer TW, Berman N, Callegari C, Clevenger B, Phillips J, et al. The Effects of Supraphysiologic Doses of Testosterone on Muscle Size and Strength in Normal Men.Abridged version: NEJM 1996;335:1–7.Full version: http://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/nejm199607043350101 (accessed 28 Oct 2015).</ref> One study found that injection of 600 mg of testoterone in adult males who did not exercise resulted in more fat free mass and a greater increase in strength than in individuals who incorporated resistance training but only took a placebo.<ref name="BStorer" /> Some commonly reported side effects of steroid use, such as acne and breast tenderness resulted in some of the subjects as well, but most did not.<ref name="BStorer" /> This would seem to indicate that individual physiological differences have a profound impact on how a person reacts to steroids. | Steroids have not been shown to increase creatine concentrations in the muscle, red blood cell concentration, or serum liver enzyme concentrations as previously postulated.<ref name="BStorer">Bhasin S, Storer TW, Berman N, Callegari C, Clevenger B, Phillips J, et al. The Effects of Supraphysiologic Doses of Testosterone on Muscle Size and Strength in Normal Men.Abridged version: NEJM 1996;335:1–7.Full version: http://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/nejm199607043350101 (accessed 28 Oct 2015).</ref> One study found that injection of 600 mg of testoterone in adult males who did not exercise resulted in more fat free mass and a greater increase in strength than in individuals who incorporated resistance training but only took a placebo.<ref name="BStorer" /> Some commonly reported side effects of steroid use, such as acne and breast tenderness resulted in some of the subjects as well, but most did not.<ref name="BStorer" /> This would seem to indicate that individual physiological differences have a profound impact on how a person reacts to steroids. | ||
Research indicates a significant correlation between prolonged AAS usage and upper extremity tendon rupture. Out of 88 AAS users, 17% had confirmed triceps or biceps tendon ruptures whereas none of | Research indicates a significant correlation between prolonged AAS usage and upper extremity tendon rupture. Out of 88 AAS users, 17% had confirmed triceps or biceps tendon ruptures, whereas none of the non AAS users had upper extremity tendon ruptures. No significant difference was found between the two groups concerning lower extremity tendon ruptures [need a reference here]. A study on retired National Football League (NFL) players found an association between AAS users and an increased likelihood of ligamentous injuries<ref>Akcakoyun, M., Alizade, E., Gundogdu, R., Bulut, M., Tabakci, M. M., Acar, G., . . . Emiroglu, M. Y. (2014). Long-term anabolic androgenic steroid use is associated with increased atrial electromechanical delay in male bodybuilders. Biomed Res Int, 2014, 451520. doi:10.1155/2014/451520fckLRHorn, S., Gregory, P., &amp; Guskiewicz, K. M. (2009). Self-reported anabolic-androgenic steroids use and musculoskeletal injuries: findings from the center for the study of retired athletes health survey of retired NFL players. Am J Phys Med Rehabil, 88(3), 192-200. doi:10.1097/PHM.0b013e318198b622</ref>. In rats, training combined with AAS use has shown to inhibit matrix tendon remodeling<ref>Marqueti RC, Parizotto NA, Chriguer RS, Perez SE, Selistre-de-fckLRAraujo HS. Androgenic-anabolic steroids associated with mechanicalfckLRloading inhibit matrix metallopeptidase activity and affect the remodelingfckLRof the achilles tendon in rats. Am J Sports Med 34: 1274–1280, 2006.</ref> and reduce maximal stress values<ref>Tsitsilonis, S., Chatzistergos, P. E., Mitousoudis, A. S., Kourkoulis, S. K., Vlachos, I. S., Agrogiannis, G., . . . Zoubos, A. B. (2014). Anabolic androgenic steroids reverse the beneficial effect of exercise on tendon biomechanics: an experimental study. Foot Ankle Surg, 20(2), 94-99. doi:10.1016/j.fas.2013.12.001</ref>. A case-control study compared collagen ultrastructure, metabolism, and mechanical properties of patella tendons in 24 individuals assigned to three groups: resistance-trained AAS users, resistance-trained non-AAS users, and a control group that was neither AAS user or resistance-trained. Higher patellar stiffness and tensile modulus was found with long-term heavy resistance training and AAS abuse compared to non-AAS users<ref>Seynnes, O. R., Kamandulis, S., Kairaitis, R., Helland, C., Campbell, E. L., Brazaitis, M., . . . Narici, M. V. (2013). Effect of androgenic-anabolic steroids and heavy strength training on patellar tendon morphological and mechanical properties. J Appl Physiol (1985), 115(1), 84-89. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.01417.2012</ref>. | ||
<br>Most people relate anabolic steroids to high intense training done by elite athletes. However, the idea has also come about to combine this drug with therapy to help the older population rehabilitate following hip replacement surgery. Anabolic Steroids can boost muscle development and increase other factors that relate to range of motion and strength in athletes. Experts agree with the perception that this will correspond with the older population when it comes to recovering from hip surgery.<ref name="Anabolic steroids for rehabilitation after hip fracture in older people">Farooqi, V., Van Den Berg, M., Cameron, I., &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp; Crotty, M., (2013). Anabolic steroids for rehabilitation after hip fracture in older people. The Cochran Collaboration.</ref> Unfortunately, there has not been enough significant evidence found for this to be proven true. Researchers are interested in this concept, and will continue to look into how anabolic steroids can be used to help the older population recover following hip fracture surgery. | <br>Most people relate anabolic steroids to high intense training done by elite athletes. However, the idea has also come about to combine this drug with therapy to help the older population rehabilitate following hip replacement surgery. Anabolic Steroids can boost muscle development and increase other factors that relate to range of motion and strength in athletes. Experts agree with the perception that this will correspond with the older population when it comes to recovering from hip surgery.<ref name="Anabolic steroids for rehabilitation after hip fracture in older people">Farooqi, V., Van Den Berg, M., Cameron, I., &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp; Crotty, M., (2013). Anabolic steroids for rehabilitation after hip fracture in older people. The Cochran Collaboration.</ref> Unfortunately, there has not been enough significant evidence found for this to be proven true. Researchers are interested in this concept, and will continue to look into how anabolic steroids can be used to help the older population recover following hip fracture surgery. | ||
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== Cardiovascular Effects == | == Cardiovascular Effects == | ||
Long-term use of supraphysiological doses of AAS use has been attributed to an increase risk of pathological changes in the cardiovascular system that can result in: myocardial infarction, cardiomyopathy, sudden death, cardiovascular morbidity, and mortality when compared to non-users<ref name="Achar">Achar S, Rostamian A, Narayan SM. Cardiac and metabolic effects of anabolic-androgenic steroid abuse on lipids, blood pressure, left ventricular dimensions, and rhythm. The American journal of cardiology. 2010 Sep 15;106(6):893-901. PubMed PMID: 20816133. Pubmed Central PMCID: PMC4111565. Epub 2010/09/08. eng.</ref>. AAS users have been shown to have a lower amount of heart rate variability (HRV) than non-users, putting them at an increased risk of autonomic cardiovascular dysfunction and ventricular arrhythmia<ref name="Maior">Maior A, Carvalho A, Marques-Neto S, Menezes P, Soares P, Nascimento J. Cardiac autonomic dysfunction in anabolic steroid users. Scandinavian Journal Of Medicine &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp; Science In Sports [serial on the Internet]. (2013, Oct), [cited November 12, 2015]; 23(5): 548-555. Available from: SPORTDiscus with Full Text.</ref>. Some evidence suggests a causal link between power athletes, body builders, and supraphysiological AAS use with atrial fibrillation (AF)<ref>D. H. Lau, M. K. Stiles, B. John, S. Shashidhar, G. D. Young,fckLRand P. Sanders, “Atrial fibrillation and anabolic steroid abuse,”fckLRInternational Journal of Cardiology, vol. 117, no. 2, pp. e86–e87,fckLR2007.</ref>. This may be due to inter- and intra-atrial electromechanical delay, however, the exact mechanism of how AAS abuse contributes to atrial electromechanical delay is poorly understood<ref>Akcakoyun, M., Alizade, E., Gundogdu, R., Bulut, M., Tabakci, M. M., Acar, G., . . . Emiroglu, M. Y. (2014). Long-term anabolic androgenic steroid use is associated with increased atrial electromechanical delay in male bodybuilders. Biomed Res Int, 2014, 451520. doi:10.1155/2014/451520</ref>. AAS users have also been found to have a lower measurement of high frequency power, which is indicative of decresed vagal and parasympathetic activity in the heart<ref name="Maior" /><ref name="Hedman">Hedman AE, Hartikainen JE, Tahvanainen KU, Hakumaki MO. The high frequency component of heart rate variability reflects cardiac parasympathetic modulation rather than parasympathetic 'tone'. Acta physiologica Scandinavica. 1995 Nov;155(3):267-73. PubMed PMID: 8619324. Epub 1995/11/01. eng.</ref>. Reduced parasympathetic activity in the heart slows the recovery of heart rate post-exercise<ref name="Maior" />. | Long-term use of supraphysiological doses of AAS use has been attributed to an increase risk of pathological changes in the cardiovascular system that can result in: myocardial infarction, cardiomyopathy, sudden death, cardiovascular morbidity, and mortality when compared to non-users<ref name="Achar">Achar S, Rostamian A, Narayan SM. Cardiac and metabolic effects of anabolic-androgenic steroid abuse on lipids, blood pressure, left ventricular dimensions, and rhythm. The American journal of cardiology. 2010 Sep 15;106(6):893-901. PubMed PMID: 20816133. Pubmed Central PMCID: PMC4111565. Epub 2010/09/08. eng.</ref>. AAS users have been shown to have a lower amount of heart rate variability (HRV) than non-users, putting them at an increased risk of autonomic cardiovascular dysfunction and ventricular arrhythmia<ref name="Maior">Maior A, Carvalho A, Marques-Neto S, Menezes P, Soares P, Nascimento J. Cardiac autonomic dysfunction in anabolic steroid users. Scandinavian Journal Of Medicine &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp; Science In Sports [serial on the Internet]. (2013, Oct), [cited November 12, 2015]; 23(5): 548-555. Available from: SPORTDiscus with Full Text.</ref>. Some evidence suggests a causal link between power athletes, body builders, and supraphysiological AAS use with atrial fibrillation (AF)<ref>D. H. Lau, M. K. Stiles, B. John, S. Shashidhar, G. D. Young,fckLRand P. Sanders, “Atrial fibrillation and anabolic steroid abuse,”fckLRInternational Journal of Cardiology, vol. 117, no. 2, pp. e86–e87,fckLR2007.</ref>. This may be due to inter- and intra-atrial electromechanical delay, however, the exact mechanism of how AAS abuse contributes to atrial electromechanical delay is poorly understood<ref>Akcakoyun, M., Alizade, E., Gundogdu, R., Bulut, M., Tabakci, M. M., Acar, G., . . . Emiroglu, M. Y. (2014). Long-term anabolic androgenic steroid use is associated with increased atrial electromechanical delay in male bodybuilders. Biomed Res Int, 2014, 451520. doi:10.1155/2014/451520</ref>. AAS users have also been found to have a lower measurement of high frequency power, which is indicative of decresed vagal and parasympathetic activity in the heart<ref name="Maior" /><ref name="Hedman">Hedman AE, Hartikainen JE, Tahvanainen KU, Hakumaki MO. The high frequency component of heart rate variability reflects cardiac parasympathetic modulation rather than parasympathetic 'tone'. Acta physiologica Scandinavica. 1995 Nov;155(3):267-73. PubMed PMID: 8619324. Epub 1995/11/01. eng.</ref>. Reduced parasympathetic activity in the heart slows the recovery of heart rate post-exercise<ref name="Maior" />. | ||
<br> | <br> | ||
Revision as of 00:36, 29 November 2015
Anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) are a group of synthetic compunds that mimic the effects of testosterone in the body[1]. AAS are often abused by individuals to utilize their anabolic effect with the intended purpose of increasing lean muscle mass. AAS can have profound effects on the cardiovascular system with extended abuse.
Anabolic steroids are drugs that have many neuropsychiatric effects in addition to the more commonly known effects they have on skeletal muscles. Anabolic steroids cause not only negative feelings like intense anger, but also some positive moods. Some of the negative feelings people have resulting from the use of anabolic steroids include irritability, mood swings, violent feelings, anger, and hostility. [2]Among the positive feelings related to steroid use include euphoria, increased energy, and sexual arousal. Steroids are also linked to other cognitive symptoms like distractibility, forgetfulness, and confusion. These effects of steroid use occur independently of other factors. These impacts on mood could have either positive or negative effects on exercise, depending on feelings of the person exercising.
Steroids have not been shown to increase creatine concentrations in the muscle, red blood cell concentration, or serum liver enzyme concentrations as previously postulated.[3] One study found that injection of 600 mg of testoterone in adult males who did not exercise resulted in more fat free mass and a greater increase in strength than in individuals who incorporated resistance training but only took a placebo.[3] Some commonly reported side effects of steroid use, such as acne and breast tenderness resulted in some of the subjects as well, but most did not.[3] This would seem to indicate that individual physiological differences have a profound impact on how a person reacts to steroids.
Research indicates a significant correlation between prolonged AAS usage and upper extremity tendon rupture. Out of 88 AAS users, 17% had confirmed triceps or biceps tendon ruptures, whereas none of the non AAS users had upper extremity tendon ruptures. No significant difference was found between the two groups concerning lower extremity tendon ruptures [need a reference here]. A study on retired National Football League (NFL) players found an association between AAS users and an increased likelihood of ligamentous injuries[4]. In rats, training combined with AAS use has shown to inhibit matrix tendon remodeling[5] and reduce maximal stress values[6]. A case-control study compared collagen ultrastructure, metabolism, and mechanical properties of patella tendons in 24 individuals assigned to three groups: resistance-trained AAS users, resistance-trained non-AAS users, and a control group that was neither AAS user or resistance-trained. Higher patellar stiffness and tensile modulus was found with long-term heavy resistance training and AAS abuse compared to non-AAS users[7].
Most people relate anabolic steroids to high intense training done by elite athletes. However, the idea has also come about to combine this drug with therapy to help the older population rehabilitate following hip replacement surgery. Anabolic Steroids can boost muscle development and increase other factors that relate to range of motion and strength in athletes. Experts agree with the perception that this will correspond with the older population when it comes to recovering from hip surgery.[8] Unfortunately, there has not been enough significant evidence found for this to be proven true. Researchers are interested in this concept, and will continue to look into how anabolic steroids can be used to help the older population recover following hip fracture surgery.
Cardiovascular Effects[edit | edit source]
Long-term use of supraphysiological doses of AAS use has been attributed to an increase risk of pathological changes in the cardiovascular system that can result in: myocardial infarction, cardiomyopathy, sudden death, cardiovascular morbidity, and mortality when compared to non-users[9]. AAS users have been shown to have a lower amount of heart rate variability (HRV) than non-users, putting them at an increased risk of autonomic cardiovascular dysfunction and ventricular arrhythmia[10]. Some evidence suggests a causal link between power athletes, body builders, and supraphysiological AAS use with atrial fibrillation (AF)[11]. This may be due to inter- and intra-atrial electromechanical delay, however, the exact mechanism of how AAS abuse contributes to atrial electromechanical delay is poorly understood[12]. AAS users have also been found to have a lower measurement of high frequency power, which is indicative of decresed vagal and parasympathetic activity in the heart[10][13]. Reduced parasympathetic activity in the heart slows the recovery of heart rate post-exercise[10].
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ National Institute on Drug Abuse. Anabolic Steroids. http://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/drugfacts/anabolic-steroids (accessed November 10, 2015)
- ↑ Kanayama, G., DeLuca, J., Meehan, W. P., Hudson, J. I., Isaacs, S., Baggish, A., . . . Pope, H. G. (2015). Ruptured Tendons in Anabolic-Androgenic Steroid Users. 43(11), 2638-2644. doi: 10.1177/0363546515602010
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Bhasin S, Storer TW, Berman N, Callegari C, Clevenger B, Phillips J, et al. The Effects of Supraphysiologic Doses of Testosterone on Muscle Size and Strength in Normal Men.Abridged version: NEJM 1996;335:1–7.Full version: http://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/nejm199607043350101 (accessed 28 Oct 2015).
- ↑ Akcakoyun, M., Alizade, E., Gundogdu, R., Bulut, M., Tabakci, M. M., Acar, G., . . . Emiroglu, M. Y. (2014). Long-term anabolic androgenic steroid use is associated with increased atrial electromechanical delay in male bodybuilders. Biomed Res Int, 2014, 451520. doi:10.1155/2014/451520fckLRHorn, S., Gregory, P., & Guskiewicz, K. M. (2009). Self-reported anabolic-androgenic steroids use and musculoskeletal injuries: findings from the center for the study of retired athletes health survey of retired NFL players. Am J Phys Med Rehabil, 88(3), 192-200. doi:10.1097/PHM.0b013e318198b622
- ↑ Marqueti RC, Parizotto NA, Chriguer RS, Perez SE, Selistre-de-fckLRAraujo HS. Androgenic-anabolic steroids associated with mechanicalfckLRloading inhibit matrix metallopeptidase activity and affect the remodelingfckLRof the achilles tendon in rats. Am J Sports Med 34: 1274–1280, 2006.
- ↑ Tsitsilonis, S., Chatzistergos, P. E., Mitousoudis, A. S., Kourkoulis, S. K., Vlachos, I. S., Agrogiannis, G., . . . Zoubos, A. B. (2014). Anabolic androgenic steroids reverse the beneficial effect of exercise on tendon biomechanics: an experimental study. Foot Ankle Surg, 20(2), 94-99. doi:10.1016/j.fas.2013.12.001
- ↑ Seynnes, O. R., Kamandulis, S., Kairaitis, R., Helland, C., Campbell, E. L., Brazaitis, M., . . . Narici, M. V. (2013). Effect of androgenic-anabolic steroids and heavy strength training on patellar tendon morphological and mechanical properties. J Appl Physiol (1985), 115(1), 84-89. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.01417.2012
- ↑ Farooqi, V., Van Den Berg, M., Cameron, I., &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp; Crotty, M., (2013). Anabolic steroids for rehabilitation after hip fracture in older people. The Cochran Collaboration.
- ↑ Achar S, Rostamian A, Narayan SM. Cardiac and metabolic effects of anabolic-androgenic steroid abuse on lipids, blood pressure, left ventricular dimensions, and rhythm. The American journal of cardiology. 2010 Sep 15;106(6):893-901. PubMed PMID: 20816133. Pubmed Central PMCID: PMC4111565. Epub 2010/09/08. eng.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Maior A, Carvalho A, Marques-Neto S, Menezes P, Soares P, Nascimento J. Cardiac autonomic dysfunction in anabolic steroid users. Scandinavian Journal Of Medicine &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp; Science In Sports [serial on the Internet]. (2013, Oct), [cited November 12, 2015]; 23(5): 548-555. Available from: SPORTDiscus with Full Text.
- ↑ D. H. Lau, M. K. Stiles, B. John, S. Shashidhar, G. D. Young,fckLRand P. Sanders, “Atrial fibrillation and anabolic steroid abuse,”fckLRInternational Journal of Cardiology, vol. 117, no. 2, pp. e86–e87,fckLR2007.
- ↑ Akcakoyun, M., Alizade, E., Gundogdu, R., Bulut, M., Tabakci, M. M., Acar, G., . . . Emiroglu, M. Y. (2014). Long-term anabolic androgenic steroid use is associated with increased atrial electromechanical delay in male bodybuilders. Biomed Res Int, 2014, 451520. doi:10.1155/2014/451520
- ↑ Hedman AE, Hartikainen JE, Tahvanainen KU, Hakumaki MO. The high frequency component of heart rate variability reflects cardiac parasympathetic modulation rather than parasympathetic 'tone'. Acta physiologica Scandinavica. 1995 Nov;155(3):267-73. PubMed PMID: 8619324. Epub 1995/11/01. eng.
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