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<div class="editorbox">'''Original Editor '''- [https://www.physio-pedia.com/User:Shreya_Pavaskar Shreya Pavaskar] ...Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale]] for a better assessment of Parkinson's disease.

[[File:Parkinson disease representation.jpeg|thumb|Parkinson disease representation]] .../ref>. PDQ-8 was constructed by taking one question from each domain of PDQ-39.<ref name=":1" />

...dence Based Practice (EBP)]] in the health sciences, objective measures of outcome are important to provide credible and reliable justification for treatment. ...otherapists in the United Kingdom makes it clear that standardised outcome measures should be used routinely in normal practice:

...sclerosis and systemic lupus erythematosus]. Arch Neurol. 1989;46(10):1121-3. Accessed 27 June 2019. ...rosis]], [[Parkinsons Disease|parkinson's disease]], [[stroke]] and [[COVID-19]].

...ale for physical therapist practice. J Neurol Phys Ther. 2010 Dec;34(4):182-92.</ref> PROFILE PD is a 24-item scale, each item is scored between 0 (no problem) to 4 (severe or marke

...Disease: Rapid Review and Synthesis. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2019;98(7):613-21. </ref> and regular meditation. ...son's disease: A complex and evolving picture. Mov Disord. 2017;32(11):1524-36. </ref>

...ing the response to medications used to decrease the signs and symptoms of Parkinson's. People with Parkinson disease.

...]. Journal of Back and Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation. 2019 Jan 1;32(1):179-89. ...derly and those who have [[Parkinson's - Clinical Presentation|Parkinson's Disease]] or [[Ankylosing Spondylitis (Axial Spondyloarthritis)]] (AS). 

John is a 60 years old man who was diagnosed with [[Parkinson's]] five years ago. His treatment program was based on medications and exerci ...l tremor, dystonia and chorea]. Sex and Gender Differences in Neurological Disease. 2022 Aug 5:101.</ref>

[https://www.physio-pedia.com/Parkinson%27s_Case_Study_-_John_(Initial_Assessment) Read Initial Assessment page first] * Re-orientate John’s left and right side, especially through soft tissue stret

...tee who is also a person with idiopathic [[Parkinson's_Disease|Parkinson’s Disease]]. Additionally, there were unique gait difficulties and an underlying comp Transtibial, Parkinson’s disease, geriatrics, rehabilitation, freezing

...a in Patients Visiting an Outpatient Clinic in the Netherlands]. Alzheimer disease and associated disorders. 2020 Jul;34(3):278.</ref> * The mini-mental state examination is proprietary and takes about 10-15 minutes to administer.

...ref name=":0">Dewan N, MacDermid J. "Fall Efficacy Scale-International (FES-I)." Journal of Physiotherapy'', 2014.'' vol. 60, no. 1, p. 60.</ref>. The FES-I is intended to be used in adult population to measure the level of concern

...dults using the Timed Up & Go Test.] Physical therapy. 2000 Sep 1;80(9):896-903.Available from:https://academic.oup.com/ptj/article/80/9/896/2842520 (la ...in Peru: a population-based cohort study]. BMC geriatrics. 2022 Dec;22(1):1-3.</ref>

...ussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universiteit Brussel's Evidence-based Practice project]]. ...erly patients based on number of chronic disabilities. Am J Med 1986:80:429-434</ref> It is a very good indicator of the fall risk of an individual.

...from: https://dystonia-foundation.org/what-is-dystonia/types-dystonia/hand-dystonia/ (accessed 17/09/2021)</ref> ...pathophysiology of focal hand dystonia. J Hand Ther. 2009 Apr-Jun;22(2):109-13; 114. doi: 10.1016/j.jht.2008.10.008</ref>

...watch?v=6q-zz7yVb-U [Last accessed 1/24/2024]</ref> {{#ev:youtube|6q-zz7yVb-U}} ...mes.] Semin Neurol. 2014;34(2):225-234</ref> These proteins can either over-accumulate (aggregation; gain of function) and become toxic to neurons and g

...py. [https://oce-ovid-com.ezproxy.library.uq.edu.au/searchResults?q=%221557-0576%22.is%20and%20%2240%22.vo%20and%20%221%22.ip%20and%20%223%22.pg%20or%20 ...Many different training setups can be utilized, from fairly simple lean-and-release perturbations requiring only a safety harness, to advanced systems t

<div class="pp-no-course-suggestions pp-no-article-suggestions"></div> ...protectors for certain patients (through their medical cards). For the bed-bound residents I create positioning charts and try to maintain active and p

...re and multiple system atrophy.] Clinical Autonomic Research. 1996;6(2):125-6. Available:https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8628505/ (accessed 16.9.2023)</ ...t many patients can be asymptomatic. Frequent [[falls]] occur due to this disease process resulting in a high rate of morbitity and mortality and multiple ho

...f>Folstein SE. [https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1989-98645-000 Huntington's disease: a disorder of families]. Johns Hopkins University Press; 1989.</ref>. HD ...cerebellum, show varying degrees of atrophy depending on the stage of the disease. There occurs degeneration and atrophy of Basal Ganglia and Cerebral Cortex

...lable from: <nowiki>http://strokengine.ca/en/assessments/nine-hole-peg-test-nhpt/</nowiki> (Accessed 11/08/2022)</ref>. ...from: <nowiki>https://www.sralab.org/rehabilitation-measures/nine-hole-peg-test</nowiki> (Accessed 11/08/2022)</ref>.

The disorder's name refers to the disease worsening (progressive) and causing weakness (palsy) by damaging the brain The 5-minute video below is good for an overview of symptoms and diagnosis.

...six prospective studies of falling in Parkinson's. Mov Disord 2007;22:1892-1900. </ref> ...ct.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0149763419304415?via%3Dihub#preview-section-snippets (accessed 6.5.2023)</ref>

...re. I: Creation and multivariate structure of SDQ]. Sleep. 1994; 17(2): 160-6</ref>. The SDQ, emphasizing on diagnosis, diverged from scales such as the ...Version 2.03) 2010 edition]. 2020</ref>. This distinction would enable high-risk patients to receive timely referrals to sleep disorders center.

...g/docs/default-source/cpgs/core-outcome-measures/core-measure-10-meter-walk-test-(10mwt)_final.pdf?sfvrsn=c5585243_2&sfvrsn=c5585243_2 Core Measure: 10 |20-29

...e able to see progress in the right direction with this [https://www.physio-pedia.com/Parkinson%27s_Disease PD] patient. ...hat would be relevant to this case study would include Parkinson's in older-aged adults who want or need to improve balance, gait pattern and gait speed

.... Davis Company. Philadelphia. 2007:853-883.</ref>. This case will discuss Parkinson's and how to address symptoms with physical therapy in combination with medic Parkinson’s Disease, Physiotherapy, LSVT BIG Treatment

...action research arm test. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair. 2008;22:78-90. [http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1545968307305353 doi:10.117 ...ance on proceeding items.<ref name=":0" /> Task performance is rated on a 4-point scale, ranging from 0 (no movement) to 3 (movement performed normally)

....mcknightsseniorliving.com/home/news/cdc-more-than-20-of-85-adults-need-adl-assistance/ [last accessed 6.5.2019].</ref> ...ps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4001885/ Unmet needs of community-residing persons with dementia and their informal caregivers: Findings from

...detail/depression Depression] Available: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/depression (accessed 12.9.2021)</ref>. Due to false perception * First-degree relatives of depressed individuals are about 3 times as likely to dev

...cognitive, and swallowing disorders<ref name=":1">American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. Dysarthria in Adults. Available from: https://www.asha. ...iedreich's Ataxia|Friedreich's ataxia]], [[Huntington Disease|Huntington's disease]], olivopontocerebellar atrophy, spinocerebellar ataxia, ataxia telangiecta

...ioceptive and resistance training protocol in individuals with Parkinson’s disease. .../article/download/7685/7146</ref>. Physical therapists teach patients with Parkinson's how to manage their impairments, disabilities and independently perform the

[[Image:Parkinson's man sketches.jpg|right|300px]] ...ists play a vital role in supporting people with [[Parkinson's|Parkinson’s disease]] (PD) to choose management strategies, prioritize and address the challeng

...et al. Early biomechanical markers of postural instability in Parkinson’s disease. Gait Posture. 2009;30:538–542</ref>.<br> == Typical Gait Pattern in Parkinson's ==

...based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/bhanu-ramaswamy/ Bhanu Ramaswamy] [[File:Parkinson's man sketches.jpg|right|frameless]]

...botulinum toxin]. New England Journal of Medicine. 1991 Apr 25;324(17):1186-94.</ref> The development of neutralizing antibodies is observed in 5-15% of patients, this according to a 1997 article. New formulations of BT ha

...encountered by the patient, the goals, the rehabilitation program and the outcome. ...2019 May 7]. Available from: <nowiki>https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/147</nowiki></ref>.

...2011 Mar;123(3):147-59.</ref>. This approach works by activating the mirror-neural system (MNS) of the brain<ref>Shih TY, Wu CY, Lin KC, Cheng CH, Hsieh ...l Neural basis of action observation and understanding from first-and third-person perspectives: an fMRI study]. Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience. 2

[[File:Balance-board-benefits.jpg|right|frameless]] # bio-mechanical constraints

...ive function, and orientation. The MoCA covers more domains than the [[Mini-Mental State Examination|MMSE]] and, as a consequence, has greater sensitivi Cognitive assessments are fast, easy-to-use, and accurate ways to help diagnose, evaluate progress, and manage many

...tired farmer (female) who has been diagnosed with early-stage idiopathic [[Parkinson's]] and received a referral for physiotherapy. The case study documents her i ...ice_for_Parkinson's_Patients_with_Episodes_of_Freezing_of_Gait Parkinson's Disease Brain Comparison]|317x317px]]

== Parkinson's Disease == [[File:Parkinson's man sketches.jpg|right|frameless|209x209px]]

...elines for the six-minute walk test." Am J Respir Crit Care Med 166(1): 111-117.</ref>. ...nd endurance. The distance covered over a time of 6 minutes is used as the outcome by which to compare changes in performance capacity.

...ms consistent with the early to middle stages of [[Parkinson's|Parkinson’s Disease]] . Recent evidence has shown optimistic findings in the use of Tai Chi to ...r the management of PD, as well as longitudinal studies to observe the long-term effects of physiotherapy interventions.

* Any disease of these areas can cause apraxia, although [[stroke]] and [[dementia]] are ...7 Available from: https://www.webmd.com/brain/apraxia-symptoms-causes-tests-treatments</ref>

Machado-Joseph Disease (MJD) or spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 (SCA3) is the most common spinocereb ...e spinocerebellar ataxias. Clinical neuropharmacology. 2000 Nov 1;23(6):296-303.</ref>

...mprovement that indicates a lower risk of falling. Outcome measures of mini-BEST and dynamic gait index demonstrated no significant changes after interv ...ease symtpoms.png|thumb|500x500px|Figure 1: Common Symptoms of Parkinson's Disease]]

...injuries]], [[ataxia]], [[Parkinson's - Clinical Presentation|Parkinson’s disease]], [[schizophrenia]], or other psychiatric illnesses.  ...T scores differentiated between stroke patients who were discharged to long-term care compared to other types of living environments. <ref name=":0" />

...and Lee Silverman Voice Treatment (LSVT)-BIG in moderate stage Parkinson's Disease: a case study ...ife, as well as navigating throughout his home with fewer difficulties. A 4-week “LSVT Big”-style training program was proposed, in order to work to

...ttps://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/all-disorders/fahrs-syndrome-information-page </ref><ref name=":5">Calabro R, Spadaro L, Marra A, Bramanti P. Fahr's disease presenting with dementia at onset: a case report and literature review. Beh

...rison of Argentine Tango and American Ballroom. J Rehabil Med. 2009;41: 475-481.</ref>. A dance intervention was implemented along with traditional phys ...nts<ref name=":4" />. Maintenance was observed in the TUG cognitive. These outcome improvements were meaningful as they helped with maintenance of symptoms, i

...SK. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6683687/ Predictors and outcome of fragility hip fracture: a prospective study from North India]. Indian Jo ...secondary to tumour, followed by bone cysts, or [[Paget's Disease|Paget’s disease]].

...class="editorbox"> '''Original Editor '''- [[User:John-Carlo Caballes|John-Carlo Caballes]], [[User:David Castro|David Castro]], [[User:Alana Griffith| ...ral history of primary lateral sclerosis]. Neurology. 2006 Mar 14;66(5):647-53.</ref>. Nonetheless, controversy continues to exist over whether PLS is a

The Barthel Index for Activities of Daily Living is an ordinal scale which measures a person's ability to complete [[Activities of Daily Living|activities of d ...is occupational therapy? Available from: https://www.aota.org/about/what-is-ot (accessed 06/July.2023).</ref>

...physical fitness and slow gait. The interventions consisted of an exercise-focused treatment program with an emphasis on functional tasks and balance e ....alz.org/alzheimers-dementia/what-is-alzheimers</ref>. It is a progressive disease that primarily affects individuals over the age of 65 years old. Older adul

...llow us to create individual, patient-centred goals and ultimately a tailor-made treatment plan based on the client's needs. *Results of Specific Investigations ([[X-Rays|X-ray]]<nowiki/>s, [[CT Scans]], [[Blood Tests]].....etc

...tificial Intelligence Applications in Health Care and Rehabilitation: Cross-sectional Study.] Journal of Medical Internet Research. 2022 Oct 20;24(10):e ...working comprehension of the strengths, limitations, and applications of AI-based tools.<ref name=":0" />

...r’s disease. American Journal of Occupational Therapy]. 2014 Jan 1;68(1):50-6.</ref>. ...https://www.keepmemoryalive.org/brain-science/alzheimers-brain Alzheimer's Disease Brain Comparison]]]

...ilable from: https://www.sralab.org/rehabilitation-measures/goal-attainment-scale (accessed 09/11/2022)</ref>''' ...d modified to include a variety of areas and settings.<ref name=":1">Turner-Stokes L. [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/23959454_Goal_Attainment

...vements in the patient's [[Progressive Supranuclear Palsy Rating Scale (PSP-RS)]] score, [[Timed Up and Go Test (TUG)|Timed Up and Go (TUG) score]], and ...al [[Parkinson's|parkinsonian syndrome]], or otherwise known as a Parkinson-plus disorder<ref name=":0">Agarwal S, Gilbert R. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.

'''Original Editor ''' -[https://www.physio-pedia.com/User:Yuka_Abe Yuka Abe,] ...m|Courtney Lim]], [[User:Jocelyn Chung|Jocelyn Chung]], [https://www.physio-pedia.com/User:Naiya_Patel Naiya Patel], [[User:Sydney Trinh|Sydney Trinh]]

...2-weeks, it was found that the TUG score, BERG balance scale score, and PSP-QoL scores all slightly improved since the initial assessment. ...w.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/progressive-supranuclear-palsy-psp</nowiki>

...AD. Certain factors like depression, traumatic head injury, cardiovascular disease, family history of dementia, smoking, and the presence of APOE e4 allele ha ...llular accumulation of Lewy bodies (which are insoluble aggregates of alpha-synuclein) in the neurons, mainly in the cortex.

...enefits of fruit and vegetable consumption: preventive implications for non-communicable diseases in Ethiopia.] Advanced Techniques in Biology & Medicin ...se, Stroke, and Type 2 Diabetes in the United States. JAMA. 2017;317(9):912-924. </ref>

...pain disability. Journal of occupational rehabilitation.] 1995 Dec;5(4):235-52.</ref> ...n fear and avoidance]. Behaviour research and therapy. 1974 Nov 1;12(4):311-8.</ref>:

...pain.org/publications/pain-research-forum/prf-news/92059-whats-name-chronic-pain/ (accessed 11 August 2023). </ref> ...ous damage and inflammation of bodily tissues. <ref name=":3">Fitzcharles M-A, Cohen S.P, Clauw D.J, Littlejohn G, Usui C, Häuser W. Nociplastic pain:

...cteristics and care related to the earliest clinical stage of Huntington's Disease. ...e motor tasks were significantly reduced one year later; however, indirect measures of aerobic capacity experienced an initial increase after training and phys

...he right management plan for your patient. Cleve Clin J Med 2011;78(12):821-8.</ref><ref name=":0">Agarwal S, Biagioni MC. Essential tremor. InStatPearl ...the movement disorder society on tremor. Movement Disorders, 1998;13(S3):2-23. doi:10.1002/mds.870131303</ref>. The tremor may also present as intentio

[[File:949_937_muscles-of-respiration.jpg|right]] ...ry muscle training in older adults]. Respiratory care. 2020 Apr 1;65(4):535-44</ref>

...wska]] based on course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/instructor/rina-pandya/ Rina Pandya]<br> ...derstanding spine–hip interaction]. EFORT Open Reviews. 2020 Sep 7;5(9):522-33.</ref> The timing and activation of dynamic stabilisers are the most impo

...other lower level. Fall-related injuries may be fatal however most are non-fatal. While all people who fall are at risk of injury, the age, gender and ...falls.<ref name=":1">WHO Falls Available:https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/falls (accessed 3.11.2022)</ref>

...ation:''' Mr. Ken Ten (Ken), a 58 year old male diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease at age 55 and recently diagnosed with Lewy Body Dementia presented at the c ...training, rigidity management, gait training and balance training. The LSVT-BIG intervention was also introduced.

...sio-pedia.com/User:Sebastian_Wozniak Sebastian Wozniak], [http://www.physio-pedia.com/User:Eric_Palmer_Beech Eric Beech]&nbsp; .../Market-Reports/exoskeleton-market-40697797.html?gclid=EAIaIQobChMI0sb4vu_6-AIVuY1oCR0KRguCEAAYASAAEgJQu_D_BwE [accessed 15/07/2022]</ref>.

...A Systematic Review. ''J Hand Ther''. 2019 Aug 31. pii: S0894-1130(19)30094-8. doi: 10.1016/j.jht.2019.06.002. </ref> The feedback from all these diffe Proprioception itself can be understood as including various sub-modalities:

...f motion (ROM) and strength, as well as improved scores on the [[Activities-Specific Balance Confidence Scale]] (ABC scale), [[Rivermead Mobility Index| ...drome: evidence for a progressive disorder. BMC neurology. 2019 Dec;19(1):1-8.</ref>

...ny concerns related fo functional/mobility goals or significant changes in disease state. Mr. L was also encouraged to keep in contact with his family physici ...multiple system atrophy.] European Journal of Neurology. 2002 May;9(3):195-9.</ref>

...niversity Evidence-based Practice Project|Texas State University's Evidence-based Practice project]] ...mic.oup.com/ptj/article-lookup/doi/10.2522/ptj.20060272 Cervical dystonia: disease profile and clinical management]. Phys Ther 2007;87(11):1511–26.</ref>. D

...Original Editor '''- [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/marissa-fourie/ Marissa Fourie] '''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Contributors/{{FU ...cientific developments]. Springer Nature; 2019. DOI:10.1007/978-3-030-11899-0

...roject|Queen's University Neuromotor Function Project - Physiopedia (physio-pedia.com)]] ...rder. Mr. J and the physical therapy team worked together to create patient-centered goals to guide his treatment plan. Interventions included: diaphrag

| Spastic Co-Contractions ...or standing postures. In an individual with spasticity, there is a velocity-dependent increase in muscle tone to passive movement<ref>Bhimani R, Anderso

...o analyze the specific anatomical structures that will be impacted by this disease process.<ref name="Goodman">Goodman CC, Fuller KS. Pathology: Implications ...he 21st century Progress in Respiratory Research Karger, Basel 2006; 34:116-121</ref>. A chronic cycle of infection and [[Inflammation Acute and Chronic

...vities. The patient will come for treatment on a regular basis and outcome measures will be reassessed as appropriate. As the patient progresses, future appoin ...library.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1399-0004.1974.tb00638.x doi:10.1111/j.1399-0004.1974.tb00638.x]</ref> Scientists still don’t understand the exact imp

...n. It is a highly enjoyable activity and is used to great effect as a cross-curricular teaching tool. ...rapy on muscle tone. Unpublished Master Thesis. Leeds Metrop Univ. 2006;4:1-57.</ref> This challenges the body in a multitude of ways for a variety of b

'''Original Editor '''- [https://www.physio-pedia.com/User:Ragy_Tadrous Ragy Tadrous] ...&d=4906816763908767833&ei=5GbjYp_fG-2O6rQPx9GU8A0&scisig=AAGBfm085r-NyWDP3p-yxCQmIkIiID5IUg Akintomide, G. & Rickards 2011. Narcolepsy: a review. 507] 

* thoracic pain of thoracic origin, thoracic hypo-mobility syndromes, * upper thoracic spinal syndromes, mid-thoracic and costovertebral disorders,

...illian Hubbard|Jill Hubbard]], [[User:Rochelle Ann-Marie McCoy|Rochelle Ann-Marie McCoy]], [[User:Aamira Lokhandwala|Aamira Lokhandwala]] ...se study, the role of physiotherapists and the importance of a strong inter-disciplinary team is highlighted in the management of ALS.

...illiams|Christy Williams]] as part of the [[Texas State University Evidence-based Practice Project]] ...enohumeral]] (GH) joint range of motion with spontaneous complete or nearly-complete recovery over a varied period of time.

...rs must be able to recognise these differences. This article explores multi-system characteristics, impairments, and interventions for children, adolesc ...living, and sport: a systematic review. J Occup Rehabil. 2005 Jun;15(2):253-72. </ref> The following questionnaires are recommended:<ref name=":1" />

...|Grant Burns]] as part of the Queen Margaret University [http://www.physio-pedia.com/Contemporary_and_Emerging_Issues_in_Physiotherapy_Practice Contemp ...UK. Later Life in the United Kingdom. http://www.ageuk.org.uk/Documents/EN-GB/Factsheets/Later_Life_UK_factsheet.pdf?dtrk=true (accessed 8 January 2016

...gement. Disability and Rehabilitation: Assistive Technology. 2014 9(2):121-127.</ref> ...gement. Disability and Rehabilitation: Assistive Technology. 2014 9(2):121-127.</ref>