Physical Activity and Non-Communicable Diseases: Difference between revisions

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== Non-Communicable Diseases  ==
== Non-Communicable Diseases  ==
Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs) are not transferred from person to person (non-contagious) and occurr as result of combined behavioural, physiological, environmental and genetic factors<ref name=":2" />.  
Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs) are not transferred from person to person (non-contagious) and occur as result of combined behavioural, physiological, environmental and genetic factors<ref name=":2">WHO. Non-Communicable Diseases fact sheet. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. 2017; [/www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs355/en/ http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs355/en/] Accessed on 30<sup>th</sup> April, 2017</ref>.  


Mainly, it is happen due to modifiable behavioural factors. There are four main types of NCDs namely:-
There are four main types of NCDs namely:-
* [[Cardiovascular Disease|Cardiovascular diseases]] (like [[Myocardial Infarction|heart attacks]] and [[stroke]])
* [[Cardiovascular Disease|Cardiovascular diseases]] (such as [[Myocardial Infarction|heart attacks]] and [[stroke]])
* [[Oncology|Cancers]]
* [[Oncology|Cancers]]
* Chronic respiratory diseases (such as [[COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease)|chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]] and [[asthma]])
* Chronic respiratory diseases (such as [[COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease)|chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]] and [[asthma]])
* [[Diabetes]]  
* [[Diabetes]]  
Also, there are four major risks for the occurrence of NCDs:-
There are four main modifiable risk factors that affect an individual's susceptibility to NCDs:-
* Physical inactivity
* Physical inactivity
* Unhealthy diets
* Unhealthy diet
* Tobacco use
* Tobacco use
* Harmful use of alcohol
* Excessive alcohol intake


== Global Incidence of NCDs  ==
== Global Incidence of NCDs  ==


All children, adults and elders are vulnerable to these four major risk factors. Globally, NCDs are killing 40 million peoples each year which accounts 70% of all deaths. Among these, 17 million peoples die from NCDs before 70 years of age (pre-mature death). Majority of these deaths (87%) were occurred in low-and middle-income countries. Figure 1 below is showing the four NCDs deaths in millions yearly<ref name=":2">WHO. Non-Communicable Diseases fact sheet. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. 2017; [/www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs355/en/ http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs355/en/] Accessed on 30<sup>th</sup> April, 2017</ref>.
All children, adults and elders are vulnerable to these four major risk factors. Globally, NCDs are involved in the deaths of 40 million people each year which accounts for 71% of all deaths. Among these, 17 million people die from NCDs before 70 years of age (pre-mature death). The majority of these deaths (over three quarters) occur in low-and middle-income countries<ref>NCD mortality and morbidity, Global Health Observatory (GHO) data, WHO [https://www.who.int/gho/ncd/mortality_morbidity/en/<nowiki>]</nowiki>
 
</ref>.  
For further information about the incidence of NCDs globally, as well the UN (United Nations) and WHO (World Health Organisation) efforts of combat NCDs, visit the [[Non-Communicable Diseases]] page. 


== NCDs and Physical Inactivity ==
== NCDs and Physical Inactivity ==
[[File:PP Daily Life in Axum, Ethiopia (2830240345).jpg|thumb|File:Daily Life in Axum, Ethiopia (2830240345).jpg|Daily Life in Axum, Ethiopia (2830240345)]]
[[File:PP Daily Life in Axum, Ethiopia (2830240345).jpg|thumb|File:Daily Life in Axum, Ethiopia (2830240345).jpg|Daily Life in Axum, Ethiopia (2830240345)]]
Physical inactivity is the term used for not achieving the recommended physical activity for health. It is one of the major risk factors for non-communicable diseases (NCDs) which ranked as the fourth leading cause of death in the world.  
Physical inactivity is the term used for not achieving the recommended levels of physical activity for health. It is one of the major risk factors for non-communicable diseases (NCDs) which ranked as the fourth leading cause of death in the world with about 9% of all deaths recorded in the world being attributed to physical inactivity<ref>Lee IM, Shiroma EJ, Lobelo F, Puska P, Blair SN, Katzmarzyk PT. Effect of physical inactivity on major non-communicable diseases worldwide: an analysis of burden of disease and life expectancy. Lancet. 2012; 219:219–229.</ref>.  


It is become pandemic and a major global public health problem that needs urgent actions<ref name=":1">Kohl HW, Criag CL, Lambert EV, Inoue S, Alkandari JR, Leetongin G, Kahlmeier S. The pandemic of physical inactivity: global action for public health'''.''' Lancet physical activity series working group: The Lancet UK. 2012; 380:294–305.</ref>. Inactive peoples are 20-30% times more likely at risk of death as compared to active ones. Evidences showed that 1 in 4 adults in the world are inactive. Globally, greater than 80% of adolescent population is physically inactive<ref name=":0">WHO. Physical activity fact sheet. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.</ref>. About 9% of all deaths recorded in the world are due to physical inactivity<ref>Lee IM, Shiroma EJ, Lobelo F, Puska P, Blair SN, Katzmarzyk PT. Effect of physical inactivity on major non-communicable diseases worldwide: an analysis of burden of disease and life expectancy. Lancet. 2012; 219:219–229.</ref>. This showed that physical inactivity adds a greater burden to NCDs and pre-mature mortality. Currently, the world is working to decrease the prevalence of physical inactivity by 10% at the end of 2025<ref name=":0" />.
It is now described as a pandemic that needs urgent action<ref name=":1">Kohl HW, Criag CL, Lambert EV, Inoue S, Alkandari JR, Leetongin G, Kahlmeier S. The pandemic of physical inactivity: global action for public health'''.''' Lancet physical activity series working group: The Lancet UK. 2012; 380:294–305.</ref>. Inactive people are 20-30% times more likely at risk of death compared to active individuals. Evidence showed that 1 in 4 adults in the world are inactive. Globally, more than than 80% of the adolescent population is physically inactive<ref name=":0">WHO. Physical activity fact sheet. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.</ref>. Currently, there are global efforts to decrease the prevalence of physical inactivity by 10% at the end of 2025<ref name=":0" />.


=== Physical Activity Interventions ===
=== Physical Activity Interventions ===
Evidences showed that physical inactivity is a big problem of the world that needs urgent interventions. It is important to plan physical inactivity interventions in line with the prevention and control of NCDs<ref name=":1" />. No single intervention is effective to increase physical activity level and beat NCDs; rather it needs comprehensive collaborative approach. Interventions should be friendly, funny, easy, simple, cheap and sustainable across the life span.  
It is important to plan physical inactivity interventions with the aim of preventing and managing NCDs<ref name=":1" />. No single intervention is effective to increase physical activity level; instead a comprehensive collaborative approach is most effective. Interventions should be easy, simple, cheap, social and sustainable across the life span.  


World Health Organization presented physical inactivity intervention in global action plan for prevention and control of NCDs<ref>WHO. Global action plan for the prevention and control of NCDs 2013-2020: Updated appendix 3 of physical activity technical annex. World Health Organization Press. Geneva, Switzerland, 2017</ref> as follows:-
World Health Organization presented example physical inactivity interventions in global action plan for prevention and control of NCDs<ref>WHO. Global action plan for the prevention and control of NCDs 2013-2020: Updated appendix 3 of physical activity technical annex. World Health Organization Press. Geneva, Switzerland, 2017</ref> as follows:-
* Implementing public awareness and motivational communications including mass media for physical activity behavioral change.
* Implementing public awareness and motivational communications including mass media for physical activity behavioral change.
* Establishing physical activity counseling and referral services at primary health care services.
* Establishing physical activity counseling and referral services at primary health care services.
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* Promoting physical activity through organized sport programs and events<ref>ISPAH. Global Advocacy for Physical Activity (GAPA) the Advocacy Council of the International Society for Physical Activity and Health (ISPAH). The Toronto Charter for Physical Activity: A Global Call to Action. May 20, 2010. Available from [/www.globalpa.org.uk/charter/ http://www.globalpa.org.uk/charter/]</ref><ref>ISPAH. Global Advocacy for Physical Activity (GAPA) the Advocacy Council of the International Society for Physical Activity and Health (ISPAH). NCD Prevention: Investments that Work for Physical Activity. February 2011. Available from [/www.globalpa.org.uk/investmentsthatwork www.globalpa.org.uk/investmentsthatwork]</ref>.
* Promoting physical activity through organized sport programs and events<ref>ISPAH. Global Advocacy for Physical Activity (GAPA) the Advocacy Council of the International Society for Physical Activity and Health (ISPAH). The Toronto Charter for Physical Activity: A Global Call to Action. May 20, 2010. Available from [/www.globalpa.org.uk/charter/ http://www.globalpa.org.uk/charter/]</ref><ref>ISPAH. Global Advocacy for Physical Activity (GAPA) the Advocacy Council of the International Society for Physical Activity and Health (ISPAH). NCD Prevention: Investments that Work for Physical Activity. February 2011. Available from [/www.globalpa.org.uk/investmentsthatwork www.globalpa.org.uk/investmentsthatwork]</ref>.


=== Physical Activity - definition ===
=== References ===
Physical activity is any body movement takes place by skeletal muscles that can expend more energies as World Health Organization (WHO) defined. It is a broader than exercises and physical fitness. It has three domains namely activities performed at workplace, during transportation and recreational time. Physical activity can be done in all age categories (from womb to tomb). It is not necessary requires special sport equipments, clothes and shoes. Engaging in physical activity is easy, cheap and do not take much time. So, we can easily accumulate few minutes of recommended physical activity every day across the lifespan<ref name=":0" />.
 
== References  ==
 
References will automatically be added here, see [[Adding References|adding references tutorial]].  
References will automatically be added here, see [[Adding References|adding references tutorial]].  


Revision as of 11:58, 30 November 2018

Original Editor - Chalchisa Abdeta

Top Contributors - Wendy Walker, Tony Lowe, Admin, Simisola Ajeyalemi, Kim Jackson, Michelle Lee and Rucha Gadgil  

Non-Communicable Diseases[edit | edit source]

Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs) are not transferred from person to person (non-contagious) and occur as result of combined behavioural, physiological, environmental and genetic factors[1].

There are four main types of NCDs namely:-

There are four main modifiable risk factors that affect an individual's susceptibility to NCDs:-

  • Physical inactivity
  • Unhealthy diet
  • Tobacco use
  • Excessive alcohol intake

Global Incidence of NCDs[edit | edit source]

All children, adults and elders are vulnerable to these four major risk factors. Globally, NCDs are involved in the deaths of 40 million people each year which accounts for 71% of all deaths. Among these, 17 million people die from NCDs before 70 years of age (pre-mature death). The majority of these deaths (over three quarters) occur in low-and middle-income countries[2].

NCDs and Physical Inactivity[edit | edit source]

Daily Life in Axum, Ethiopia (2830240345)

Physical inactivity is the term used for not achieving the recommended levels of physical activity for health. It is one of the major risk factors for non-communicable diseases (NCDs) which ranked as the fourth leading cause of death in the world with about 9% of all deaths recorded in the world being attributed to physical inactivity[3].

It is now described as a pandemic that needs urgent action[4]. Inactive people are 20-30% times more likely at risk of death compared to active individuals. Evidence showed that 1 in 4 adults in the world are inactive. Globally, more than than 80% of the adolescent population is physically inactive[5]. Currently, there are global efforts to decrease the prevalence of physical inactivity by 10% at the end of 2025[5].

Physical Activity Interventions[edit | edit source]

It is important to plan physical inactivity interventions with the aim of preventing and managing NCDs[4]. No single intervention is effective to increase physical activity level; instead a comprehensive collaborative approach is most effective. Interventions should be easy, simple, cheap, social and sustainable across the life span.

World Health Organization presented example physical inactivity interventions in global action plan for prevention and control of NCDs[6] as follows:-

  • Implementing public awareness and motivational communications including mass media for physical activity behavioral change.
  • Establishing physical activity counseling and referral services at primary health care services.
  • Implementing multi-component workplace friendly physical activity programs.
  • Implementing community-wide friendly physical activity programs involving multiple settings and sectors
  • Implementing whole-of-school program that support physical activity for all children.
  • Implementing public transport systems that prioritize walking and cycling.
  • Providing convenient and safe urban design and infrastructure to support side walking and cycling.
  • Promoting physical activity through organized sport programs and events[7][8].

References[edit | edit source]

References will automatically be added here, see adding references tutorial.

  1. ↑ WHO. Non-Communicable Diseases fact sheet. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. 2017; [/www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs355/en/ http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs355/en/] Accessed on 30th April, 2017
  2. ↑ NCD mortality and morbidity, Global Health Observatory (GHO) data, WHO [https://www.who.int/gho/ncd/mortality_morbidity/en/]
  3. ↑ Lee IM, Shiroma EJ, Lobelo F, Puska P, Blair SN, Katzmarzyk PT. Effect of physical inactivity on major non-communicable diseases worldwide: an analysis of burden of disease and life expectancy. Lancet. 2012; 219:219–229.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Kohl HW, Criag CL, Lambert EV, Inoue S, Alkandari JR, Leetongin G, Kahlmeier S. The pandemic of physical inactivity: global action for public health. Lancet physical activity series working group: The Lancet UK. 2012; 380:294–305.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 WHO. Physical activity fact sheet. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
  6. ↑ WHO. Global action plan for the prevention and control of NCDs 2013-2020: Updated appendix 3 of physical activity technical annex. World Health Organization Press. Geneva, Switzerland, 2017
  7. ↑ ISPAH. Global Advocacy for Physical Activity (GAPA) the Advocacy Council of the International Society for Physical Activity and Health (ISPAH). The Toronto Charter for Physical Activity: A Global Call to Action. May 20, 2010. Available from [/www.globalpa.org.uk/charter/ http://www.globalpa.org.uk/charter/]
  8. ↑ ISPAH. Global Advocacy for Physical Activity (GAPA) the Advocacy Council of the International Society for Physical Activity and Health (ISPAH). NCD Prevention: Investments that Work for Physical Activity. February 2011. Available from [/www.globalpa.org.uk/investmentsthatwork www.globalpa.org.uk/investmentsthatwork]
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