Physical Activity, Sport and Recreation for Young People with Physical Disabilities: Difference between revisions

No edit summary
(Corrected reference errors)
 
(20 intermediate revisions by 6 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
[[Image:FF.jpg|center]] [[Image:Head.png|center]]  
<div class="editorbox">'''Original Editor ''' - [[User:Dunika Dissanayake|Dunika Dissanayake]], [[User:Janan Kothari|Janan Kothari]], [[User:Orla Corrigan|Orla Corrigan]], [[User:Rhianne Joy Brisbane|Rhianne Brisbane]], [[User:Sinead Moloney|Sinead Moloney]] and [[User:Vanessa Puzzuoli|Vanessa Puzzuoli]] as part of the [[Current_and_Emerging_Roles_in_Physiotherapy_Practice|Queen Margaret University's Current and Emerging Roles in Physiotherapy Practice Project]]  '''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Contributors/{{FULLPAGENAME}}}}</div>
 
== Introduction  ==
== Introduction  ==


The aim of this online resource is to provide parents of children with physical disabilities with information regarding the importance of physical activity in their child’s lives. It offers a guide to the sporting and recreational opportunities available for children in Edinburgh and the Lothian area. The following page will talk about the health benefits of physical activity. It also looks at what may prevent your child from being physically active, and what support and opportunities there are for you and your child. It hopes to cover all the key information that parents would require, so that their children can take part in the variety of physical activity opportunities that is available to them. Throughout this resource, your thoughtful guide Theo will share some of his thoughts and encourage you to start thinking about certain topics. <br> [[Image:Thinking Theo.jpg|left]]''"Hi my name is Theo and I am going to help guide you through this online resource!"''
Children should aim to take part in at least one hour of medium to hard intensity physical activity every day.<ref name="PAWHO">Physical Activity. World Health Organisation. Available from: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs385/en/.  [Accessed 16th November 2016].</ref> Encouraging children to be active with the distractions of technology can often be difficult but even more so if the child has a disability or medical condition.  Guidance on how activities and exercises can be adapted can often be challenging  that individuals living with disabilities were 82% more likely to take part in regular physical activity if a health professional advised it?<ref>Physical Activity and Health. Centres for Disease Control and Prevention. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/physicalactivity/basics/pa-health/index.htm</ref>   
 
<br>
 
<br>
 
<br>
 
<br>
 
<br>
 
=== Learning Outcomes  ===
 
[[Image:LOs.jpg|center]]
 
== Physical Activity  ==
 
=== What is physical activity and how much is enough for my child?  ===
 
[[Image:Lightbulb.jpg]]&nbsp; &nbsp; Did you know that physical activity is any movement made by your body that uses energy?<ref name="PAWHO">Physical Activity. World Health Organisation. Available from: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs385/en/.  [Accessed 16th November 2016].</ref> &nbsp;
 
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;
 
[[Image:Thinking Theo.jpg]]''[[Image:Physicalactivityquestion.jpg]]''
 
<br>Your child should aim to take part in at least one hour of medium to hard intensity physical activity every day.<ref name="PAWHO" /> These are types of activities which may make your child work up a sweat. Taking part in these activities will speed up your child’s heart rate and will warm up their body for further activities. They will also leave your child feeling a little out of breath; but don’t worry, it is completely normal. An example of such activities are laid out below.
 
[[Image:Circle4.jpg|center]]
 
<br> These guidelines are set out for children in general. If your child has a disability or medical condition, activities and exercises should be adapted according to what they can do.
 
If you want to more know about the type of activities available and what level of intensity they should be performed at, click [https://health.gov/paguidelines/pdf/paguide.pdf here].<ref>Physical Activity Guideline for Americans. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Available from: https://health.gov/paguidelines/pdf/paguide.pdf. [Accessed 17th November].</ref> &nbsp;If you still feel uncertain about the amount and types of exercises/activities that are best suited for your child’s need, contact your local GP or physiotherapist for more specific advice.
 
[[Image:Equals.jpg]]
 
<br> [[Image:Lightbulb.jpg]] Did you know that individuals living with disabilities were 82% more likely to take part in regular physical activity if a health professional advised it?<ref>Physical Activity and Health. Centres for Disease Control and Prevention. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/physicalactivity/basics/pa-health/index.htm</ref> <br>
 
===== Key Points =====
 
[[Image:Summarise.jpg]]


=== More benefits of physical activity!<br>  ===
<br>[[Image:Summarise.jpg]]
=== Benefits of Physical Activity!   ===


If you are still not convinced that taking part in physical activity is crucial for your child’s health an wellbeing, here are a few more reasons that will hopefully win you over:  
Physical activity is crucial for a child’s health an wellbeing, here are a few other benefits:  


*It will make your child feel more confident about themselves – you will notice that they feel happier!  
*Can help a child feel more confident about themselves!  
*It will help your child take care of their weight  
*Can help to maintain a child's weight  
*Your child’s motor skills will improve, so they may find it a bit easier to perform certain movements they may have struggled with before<ref name="emck">Emck C, Bosscher R, Beek P, Doreleijers T. Gross motor performance and self‐perceived motor competence in children with emotional, behavioural, and pervasive developmental disorders: a review. Developmental Medicine &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp; Child Neurology. 2009, Jul 1;51(7):501-17.</ref>  
*Can improve motor skills, so they may find it a bit easier to perform certain movements they may have struggled with before<ref name="emck">Emck C, Bosscher R, Beek P, Doreleijers T. Gross motor performance and self‐perceived motor competence in children with emotional, behavioural, and pervasive developmental disorders: a review. Developmental Medicine &amp; Child Neurology. 2009, Jul 1;51(7):501-17.</ref>  
*These improvements can also help them in school and P.E. classes<ref name="emck" />  
*Can improve their participation in school and P.E. classes<ref name="emck" />  
*It can help your child improve their mood<ref name="emck" />  
*Can improve their mood<ref name="emck" />  
*It can help improve their breathing  
*Can help improve their breathing  
*It can help improve their bone, muscle and heart health  
*Can improve their bone, muscle and heart health  
*It can lower their risk of falls and fractures  
*Can reduce the risk of falls and fractures  
*Active wheelchair users are less likely to have pressure sores and kidney complications than those who don’t take part in much physical activity.  
*Active wheelchair users are less likely to have pressure sores and kidney complications than those who don’t take part in much physical activity.  
*Physical activity can also help your child with problems related to their behaviour<ref>Moone MS, Renzaglia A. Physical fitness and the mentally retarded: a critical review of the literature Journal of Special Education. 1982;16(16) 3: 269 -287.</ref><ref>Nishiyama S, Kuwahara T, Maatsudea I. Decreased bone density in severely handicapped children and adults with reference to the influence of limited mobility and anticonvulsant medication European Journal of Pediatrics. 1986; 144(5): 457-763.</ref><ref>Lancioni GE. Procedures for promoting independent activity in people with severe and profound learning disability: A brief review: Mental Handicap Research. 1994; 7 (3):237-256</ref><ref>Lancioni GE, O'Reilly MF. A review of research on physical exercise with people with severe and profound developmental disabilities. Research in Development Disabilities. 1998; 19(6): 477-492.</ref><ref>Washburn RA, Zhu W, McAuley E, Frogle M, Figonis SF. The physical Activity Scale for individuals with physical disabilities: Development and Evaluation. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2002; 83:193-200.</ref><ref>Nary DE, Froehlich AK, White GW. Accessibility of fitness facilities for persons with physical disabilities using wheelchairs. Topics in Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation. 2000; 6(1): 90-101.</ref><ref>Boland M. Health promotion and health promotion needs assessment of people attending disability services in the HSE, East Coast Area. Doctorate of Medicine, University College Dublin. 2005</ref>  
*Physical activity can also help a child with problems related to their behaviour<ref>Moone MS, Renzaglia A. Physical fitness and the mentally retarded: a critical review of the literature Journal of Special Education. 1982;16(16) 3: 269 -287.</ref><ref>Nishiyama S, Kuwahara T, Maatsudea I. Decreased bone density in severely handicapped children and adults with reference to the influence of limited mobility and anticonvulsant medication European Journal of Pediatrics. 1986; 144(5): 457-763.</ref><ref>Lancioni GE. Procedures for promoting independent activity in people with severe and profound learning disability: A brief review: Mental Handicap Research. 1994; 7 (3):237-256</ref><ref>Lancioni GE, O'Reilly MF. A review of research on physical exercise with people with severe and profound developmental disabilities. Research in Development Disabilities. 1998; 19(6): 477-492.</ref><ref>Washburn RA, Zhu W, McAuley E, Frogle M, Figonis SF. The physical Activity Scale for individuals with physical disabilities: Development and Evaluation. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2002; 83:193-200.</ref><ref>Nary DE, Froehlich AK, White GW. Accessibility of fitness facilities for persons with physical disabilities using wheelchairs. Topics in Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation. 2000; 6(1): 90-101.</ref><ref>Boland M. Health promotion and health promotion needs assessment of people attending disability services in the HSE, East Coast Area. Doctorate of Medicine, University College Dublin. 2005</ref>  
*Physical activity plays an important part in maintaining good fitness and it lowers their chances of getting a lifelong illnesses and/or other health conditions.<ref>12. Fentem PH. Education and debate ABC of Sports Medicine: Benefits of exercise in health and disease. British Medical Journal. 1994;308:1291-1295.</ref> <br>
*Physical activity plays an important part in maintaining good fitness and it lowers their chances of getting a lifelong illnesses and/or other health conditions.<ref>12. Fentem PH. Education and debate ABC of Sports Medicine: Benefits of exercise in health and disease. British Medical Journal. 1994;308:1291-1295.</ref> <br>


=== Can exercise and sport hurt my child?  ===
=== Benefits and Disadvantages o Physical Activity for Wheelchair Users ===
 
Manual wheelchair users often feel pain around their shoulders because shoulders are naturally made for moving around rather than for constantly lifting and pushing lots of weight!<ref name="fullerton">Fullerton HD, Borckardt JJ, Alfano AP. Shoulder pain: A comparison of wheelchair athletes and nonathletic wheelchair users. Med. Sci. Sports Exec. 2003. Vol 35, No 12, pp. 1958-1961.</ref> The day-to-day life of a person who uses a manual wheelchair often involves a lot of pushing and lifting; from pushing themselves around all day to lifting themselves into and out of their wheelchair. This means that any shoulder injury may limit the amount of things they can normally do for themselves.<ref name="fullerton" /><ref name="curtis">Curtis KA, Black K. Shoulder pain in female wheelchair basketball players. Journal of Orthopaedic &amp; Sports Physical Therapy. 1999. Vol, 29N No 4, pp. 225–231.</ref>  
Did you know that manual wheelchair users often feel pain around their shoulders? This is because shoulders are naturally made for moving around rather than for constantly lifting and pushing lots of weight!<ref name="fullerton">Fullerton HD, Borckardt JJ, Alfano AP. Shoulder pain: A comparison of wheelchair athletes and nonathletic wheelchair users. Med. Sci. Sports Exec. 2003. Vol 35, No 12, pp. 1958-1961.</ref> The day-to-day life of a person who uses a manual wheelchair often involves a lot of pushing and lifting; from pushing themselves around all day to lifting themselves into and out of the their wheelchair. This means that if your child injures their shoulder, it may really limit the amount of things they can normally do for themselves.<ref name="fullerton" /><ref name="curtis">Curtis KA, Black K. Shoulder pain in female wheelchair basketball players. Journal of Orthopaedic &amp;amp;amp;amp; Sports Physical Therapy. 1999. Vol, 29N No 4, pp. 225–231.</ref>
 
How can they injure their shoulder? The same way everyone else can! Many injuries can happen from carrying out a shoulder movement for a specific task that is difficult to complete. For example, lifting a very heavy object over your head. You can also hurt your shoulder by repeatedly performing a normal movement so often that your joint begins to wear down.<ref name="fullerton" /> Activities like pushing your wheelchair a long distance or transferring in and out of your wheelchair many times throughout the day. This is called an overuse injury, because your shoulder becomes overused without having enough time to rest and heal.<ref name="fullerton" /><ref name="curtis" />  


Now you may be thinking, “well if my child may hurt their shoulder from overuse, does that mean they shouldn't play any sports which require a lot of shoulder movement?" This is definitely a valid question and there is no definitive answer. While it is very important to pay close attention to how your child's joints are coping with the stress of physical activity, exercises to strengthen muscles around these joints can also help protect them. When managed correctly, an active wheelchair user is less likely to have shoulder pain than a sedentary one. In fact, a sedentary wheelchair user may develop shoulder pain up to 4 years sooner than a wheelchair athlete!<ref name="fullerton" />  
Many injuries can happen from carrying out a shoulder movement for a specific task that is difficult to complete. For example, lifting a very heavy object over the head or by repeatedly performing a normal movement so often that your joint begins to wear down.<ref name="fullerton" /> Activities like pushing a wheelchair for long distances or transferring in and out of a wheelchair many times throughout the day can cause an overuse injury.<ref name="fullerton" /><ref name="curtis" />  


Getting exercise through sports is a great way to help strengthen your child’s muscles. Making sure their muscles and joints are strong means they will have the best chance at living independently, and goes a long way to improving their overall wellbeing!<ref name="fullerton" /><ref name="curtis" />  
Getting exercise through sports is a great way to help strengthen your child’s muscles. Making sure their muscles and joints are strong means they will have the best chance at living independently, and goes a long way to improving their overall wellbeing!<ref name="fullerton" /><ref name="curtis" />  


What are some other common injuries and young wheelchair athlete may encounter? Here is a list of a few things to watch out for, with some helpful tips on how to avoid them!<ref>Wilson PE, Washington RL. Pediatric wheelchair athletics: Sports injuries and prevention. Paraplegia. 1993. Vol 33, pp. 330-337.</ref>
It is important to minimise the risk of injury.  Some common problems that can occur and how to avoid them include:
 
* Skin
[[Image:Thinking Theo.jpg|left|200px]]
** Prevent blisters on hands with gloves
 
** Prevent wheel-burns by covering the area with protective material
<br>
** Decrease bruising by placing pads where needed, i.e. bony areas and retaining straps
 
** Cover blisters
<br> ''"Have a think about whether your child is prone to any of these injuries. Can you think of any other injuries not listed here? How prepared are you to prevent these from happening?"''
* Swimming
 
** Protect skin
<br> [[Image:Wiki Injuries Old Fixed 1 of 1.png|center|700px]]
** Place mats at the poolside during transfers
 
** Protect the feet
=== What can happen if my child doesn't exercise?  ===
 
Now let’s take a look at some of the more serious health risks linked to inactivity.<br>
 
*Not taking part in enough physical activity is one of the biggest risk factors for death around the world.
*Individuals with disabilities have a 3 times higher chance of having health-related problems than individuals who do not have disabilities. Thankfully, exercise can help lower the risks of having these problems.<ref name="ref14">Increasing Physical Activity among Adults with Disabilities. Centres for Disease Control and Prevention. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/disabilityandhealth/pa.html</ref>
*People who are less active have a 20-30% higher risk of death compared to people who are more active.
*Physical inactivity can also lead to feeling more tired and down, putting on more weight, becoming more dependent on others.
*Physical inactivity also increases the risk of heart disease, type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, stroke, pressure sores, weaker bones, depression and several cancers.<ref name="ref14" />
 
==== Interested in some facts about inactivity?  ====


[[Image:Facts2.jpg|center]]
* Muscles and Joints
 
** Monitor for overuse
=== How much exercise do parents and grandparents need?  ===
** Closely observe any muscle or joint pain
 
** Maintain flexibility with stretching
''Now that you are more aware of how important physical activity is and how not being active enough can affect your health, take a moment to think about where you are in terms of your own physical activity levels and where you want to be. ''


* Hyperthermia (High body temperature)
 
** Take into account temperature if exercising outdoors
For parents and grandparents who want to spend time being physically active with their children and grandchildren, here is what's recommended for you:<br>
** Encourage to drink lots of water
 
** Avoid direct sunlight
===== Parents and Grandparents (Aged 18-64) =====
* Pressure Sores
 
** Use cushions and padding where needed
*Aim to take part in 150 minutes of medium intensity physical activity in throughout the week. Other options are to try for 75 minutes of hard physical activity or to complete a combination of both.
** Change position and shift weight regularly<br>
*If you want to go that extra mile, you should work towards 300 minutes of medium intensity physical activity per week.

*Exercises to strengthen your major muscles groups should also be completed at least twice a week.<br>
 
===== Parents and Grandparents (Aged 65 and Over)  =====
 
*Aim to take part in 150 minutes of medium intensity physical activity in throughout the week. Another option is to try for 75 minutes of hard physical activity.
*If you want to go that extra mile, you should work towards 300 minutes of medium intensity physical activity per week.

*If you are not confident in your ability to move around, you should still try to take part in physical activity three times a week. It is known to improve balance and prevent falls.

*Exercises to strengthen your major muscles groups should also be completed twice a week.

*The intensity of physical activity depends on the activities you take part in. In order to boost your heart health, all activities should be performed in periods that last at least 10 minutes.<br><br>


=== Risks of Inactivity  ===
Not taking part in enough physical activity is one of the biggest risk factors for death around the world.  Individuals with disabilities have a 3 times higher chance of having health-related problems than individuals who do not have disabilities.<ref name="ref14">Increasing Physical Activity among Adults with Disabilities. Centres for Disease Control and Prevention. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/disabilityandhealth/pa.html</ref>  People who are less active have a 20-30% higher risk of death compared to people who are more active.  Physical inactivity can also lead to fatigue and depression, putting on more weight, becoming more dependent on others.  It also increases the risk of heart disease, type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, stroke, pressure sores, weaker bones, depression and several cancers.<ref name="ref14" />
== Barriers and Facilitators to Exercise  ==
== Barriers and Facilitators to Exercise  ==
A  child’s disability may make taking part in physical activity more difficult as it may limit range of movement at joints, flexibility, agility, strength or endurance, and balance and coordination.<ref name="conchar">Conchar L, Bantjes J, Swartz L, Derman W. Barriers and facilitators to participation in physical activity: The experiences of a group of South African adolescents with cerebral palsy. Journal of health psychology. 2014 Mar 6:1359105314523305.</ref>  Any of these limitations, may demotivate a child from taking part in more activities as well as:
*Pain and/or fatigue may also limit a child from being active. It can often be due to overtraining, sitting for long periods or wearing their assistive devices such as an orthosis.<ref name="conchar" />


=== Barriers: things that get in the way  ===
*A child may take more time to go outdoors during school breaks if they have to handle and wear orthoses. They may see it as an inconvenience and may stop using this time to play outside with their friends.<ref name="lauruschkus">Lauruschkus K, Nordmark E, Hallström I. “It’s fun, but…” Children with cerebral palsy and their experiences of participation in physical activities. Disability and rehabilitation. 2014 Feb 13;37(4):283-9</ref>  
 
[[Image:Thinking Theo.jpg|left|90x90px]]By now you are well aware of how important it is for everyone to take part in physical activity, but we all know it’s not always that simple when your child has additional support needs. You may find a number of things get in the way when you are trying to enable your child to take part in activities. 


 
Here are some barriers you may come across…<br>
 
<br>
 
===== Physical Barriers  =====
 
*Your child’s disability may make taking part in physical activity more difficult as it may limit range of movement at joints, flexibility, agility, strength or endurance. Your child may also have issues with balance and coordination; if they do, you might find that they have a fear of falling when engaging in sports.<ref name="conchar">Conchar L, Bantjes J, Swartz L, Derman W. Barriers and facilitators to participation in physical activity: The experiences of a group of South African adolescents with cerebral palsy. Journal of health psychology. 2014 Mar 6:1359105314523305.</ref> Any of these limitations, may demotivate your child from taking part in more activities.
 
*Pain and/or fatigue may also limit your child from being active. It can often be due to overtraining, sitting for long periods or wearing their assistive devices such as an orthosis.<ref name="conchar" /> <br>
 
*Your child may take more time to go outdoors during school breaks if they have to handle and wear orthoses. They may see it as an inconvenience and may stop using this time to play outside with their friends.<ref name="lauruschkus">Lauruschkus K, Nordmark E, Hallström I. “It’s fun, but…” Children with cerebral palsy and their experiences of participation in physical activities. Disability and rehabilitation. 2014 Feb 13;37(4):283-9</ref> <br>


*Physical strength and skills that your child has developed may be lost due to interruptions in training or recovery after surgery.<ref name="conchar" /> <br>
*Physical strength and skills that a child develops may be lost due to interruptions in training or recovery after surgery.<ref name="conchar" />  


*As your child gets older, the gap between able-bodied children and disabled athletes in terms of physical strength and agility grows larger. With this, the skills gap also widens and sports become more competitive. As a result, it may become more difficult for your child to continue taking part in mainstream activities.<ref name="conchar" /> <br>
*As a child gets older, the gap between able-bodied children and disabled athletes in terms of physical strength and agility grows larger. With this, the skills gap also widens and sports become more competitive. As a result, it may become more difficult for a child to continue taking part in mainstream activities.<ref name="conchar" /> <br>


===== Psychosocial and Emotional Barriers<br>[[Image:Green.png|right]]  =====
=== Psychosocial and Emotional Barriers   ===


*Embarrassment, vulnerability, disappointment and shame at appearing physically incapable are just some of the uncomfortable emotions your child may experience. These feelings may lower their confidence and self-esteem. They may also feel frustrated at taking longer to learn a new skill and as a result, may avoid taking part in certain activities altogether.<ref name="conchar" />
*Embarrassment, vulnerability, disappointment and shame at appearing physically incapable are just some of the uncomfortable emotions a child may experience. These feelings may lower their confidence and self-esteem. They may also feel frustrated at taking longer to learn a new skill and as a result, may avoid taking part in certain activities altogether.<ref name="conchar" />


*Negative attitudes from parents, staff and peers can hinder your child’s interest in physical activity.<ref name="jones">Jones DB. “Denied from a lot of places” barriers to participation in community recreation programs encountered by children with disabilities in Maine: perspectives of parents. Leisure/Loisir. 2003 Jan 1;28(1-2):49-69.</ref> It may come in the form of teasing from other children and/or teachers who lack training in adapting activities to suit your child needs. This also results in excluding them from taking part in school clubs and activities.<ref name="shields">Shields N, Synnot A. Perceived barriers and facilitators to participation in physical activity for children with disability: a qualitative study. BMC pediatrics. 2012 Jan 19;16(1):1.</ref>
*Negative attitudes from parents, staff and peers can hinder a child’s interest in physical activity.<ref name="jones">Jones DB. “Denied from a lot of places” barriers to participation in community recreation programs encountered by children with disabilities in Maine: perspectives of parents. Leisure/Loisir. 2003 Jan 1;28(1-2):49-69.</ref> It may come in the form of teasing from other children and/or teachers who lack training in adapting activities to suit your child needs. This also results in excluding them from taking part in school clubs and activities.<ref name="shields">Shields N, Synnot A. Perceived barriers and facilitators to participation in physical activity for children with disability: a qualitative study. BMC pediatrics. 2012 Jan 19;16(1):1.</ref>


*As a result, your child may feel singled out and alone. These feelings can sometimes lead them to believe they are not good enough and can make it more difficult for them to persevere with physical activity.<ref name="lauruschkus" />
*As a result, a child may feel singled out and alone. These feelings can sometimes lead them to believe they are not good enough and can make it more difficult for them to persevere with physical activity.<ref name="lauruschkus" />


===== Cost and Environmental Barriers  =====
=== Cost and Environmental Barriers  ===


*Finding time in the midst of appointments with various therapists, school runs, caring for other children, along with day-to-day duties poses as one of the main barriers to including physical activity in your child’s life.&nbsp;With the extra expenses of caring for a child with a disability and fewer earnings due to taking on caring responsibilities instead of work, there is often little money leftover to spend on membership for various classes and clubs.<ref name="shields" />
*Finding time in the midst of appointments with various therapists, school runs, caring for other children, along with day-to-day duties poses as one of the main barriers to including physical activity in a child’s life.&nbsp;With the extra expenses of caring for a child with a disability and fewer earnings due to taking on caring responsibilities instead of work, there is often little money leftover to spend on membership for various classes and clubs.<ref name="shields" />


*Sporting opportunities specific to your child’s abilities, as well as those available in your local area are often poorly advertised. Lack of available information means you may have to rely on word-of-mouth or carry out your own research to learn about new opportunities for your child.<ref name="jaarsma">Jaarsma EA, Dijkstra PU, de Blécourt AC, Geertzen JH, Dekker R. Barriers and facilitators of sports in children with physical disabilities: a mixed-method study. Disability and rehabilitation. 2015 Aug 28;37(18):1617-25.</ref><ref name="shields" />
*Sporting opportunities specific to a child’s abilities, as well as those available locally are often poorly advertised.<ref name="jaarsma">Jaarsma EA, Dijkstra PU, de Blécourt AC, Geertzen JH, Dekker R. Barriers and facilitators of sports in children with physical disabilities: a mixed-method study. Disability and rehabilitation. 2015 Aug 28;37(18):1617-25.</ref><ref name="shields" />


*Sporting facilities that cater for your child’s needs are often lacking in certain areas such as shortage of qualified staff willing to supervise activities for children with motor impairments and lack of equipment to aid sports, especially as your child gets older.<ref name="shields2">Shields N, Synnot A. Perceived barriers and facilitators to participation in physical activity for children with disability: a qualitative study. BMC pediatrics. 2016 Jan 19;16(1):1.</ref><ref name="lauruschkus" />
*Sporting facilities that cater for a child’s needs may be often lacking in certain areas such as shortage of qualified staff willing to supervise activities for children with motor impairments and lack of equipment to aid sports, especially as a child gets older.<ref name="shields2">Shields N, Synnot A. Perceived barriers and facilitators to participation in physical activity for children with disability: a qualitative study. BMC pediatrics. 2016 Jan 19;16(1):1.</ref><ref name="lauruschkus" />


*Unfortunately, local clubs and societies may also face difficulties such recruiting enough chil[[Image:Orange4.jpg|right]]dren to make up teams or finding other teams to play against.<ref name="conchar" /> &nbsp;
*Unfortunately, local clubs and societies may also face difficulties such recruiting enough children to make up teams or finding other teams to play against.<ref name="conchar" /> &nbsp;


*With this comes the barrier of transport. Living far away from such facilities and having to travel to introduce your child to such activities, may not be always be easy to access via public transport.<ref name="conchar" /> &nbsp;
*With this comes the barrier of transport. Living far away from such facilities and having to travel to introduce a child to such activities, may not be always be easy to access via public transport.<ref name="conchar" /> &nbsp;


*One off programmes as well as long waiting lists for specialised classes may also pose as a barrier to your child’s participation in physical activity.<ref name="shields" />
*One off programmes as well as long waiting lists for specialised classes may also pose as a barrier to a child’s participation in physical activity.<ref name="shields" />


*Specialised adaptive equipment for sports is also costly and not always readily available.<ref name="rimmer">Rimmer JH, Riley B, Wang E, Rauworth A, Jurkowski J. Physical activity participation among persons with disabilities: barriers and facilitators. American journal of preventive medicine. 2004 Jun 30;26(5):419-25.</ref>
*Specialised adaptive equipment for sports is also costly and not always readily available.<ref name="rimmer">Rimmer JH, Riley B, Wang E, Rauworth A, Jurkowski J. Physical activity participation among persons with disabilities: barriers and facilitators. American journal of preventive medicine. 2004 Jun 30;26(5):419-25.</ref>
Line 163: Line 89:
*Environmental barriers may also get in the way to accessing sporting facilities. These may include lack of curb cuts and ramps, doors being too narrow for wheelchair access and reception desks being too high to talk to staff.&nbsp;<br>
*Environmental barriers may also get in the way to accessing sporting facilities. These may include lack of curb cuts and ramps, doors being too narrow for wheelchair access and reception desks being too high to talk to staff.&nbsp;<br>


<span style="font-size: 13.28px;">[[Image:Thinking Theo.jpg|left|100x100px]] ''"Something to take note of...As a parent you may presume your child is meeting their daily physical activity requirements during play time in pre-school. However, much of the free play in pre-schools involves seated activities, so make sure you include some physical activity after school time as well."'' </span>
=== Social Facilitators  ===  
 
<br>
 
=== Facilitators: what can make it easier  ===
 
Do you feel you can identify with some of these barriers? Here are some ways in which you can motivate and help enable your child to engage in sports and other activities. <br>
 
===== Personal Facilitators[[Image:Blue2.jpg|right]]  =====
 
[[Image:Red.jpg|left|200px]] The health benefits of physical activity may not be motivating factor for young children to exercise; however, finding an activity that provides fun and enjoyment is very important in facilitating and maintaining a physically active behaviour.<ref name="shields" /> <br>
 
*The sensation of speed is something that children have reported as an enjoyable feeling, thus proving to be an internal motivator. Therefore providing your child the opportunity to experience this feeling, be it through running, swimming, dancing, cycling, rolling on a ball or bouncing on a trampoline can be a key start to introducing a physically active behaviour in your child.<ref name="lauruschkus2">Lauruschkus K, Nordmark E, Hallström I. “It’s fun, but…” Children with cerebral palsy and their experiences of participation in physical activities. Disability and rehabilitation. 2015 Feb 13;37(4):283-9.</ref> <br>
 
*The feeling of being physically capable, along with the sense of achieving mastery in their chosen activity is crucial to improving self-efficacy; a important factor in adopting a physically active behaviour.<ref name="conchar" /> <br>
 
*Finding activities that your child feels they can perform independently and well provides them with a sense of pride and accomplishment, further motivating them to be physically active. [[Image:Green2.jpg|right|250px]] <br>
 
*Since children also enjoy “showing off” every now and again, playing games with a competitive spirit can often be a good way to get them involved in physical activity. <br>
 
*Desirable changes in body image along with improvements in physical function, such as becoming stronger, fitter and more agile can be a big motivator for your child. It can improve their ability to move around and thus become a vital motivating factor as it allows them to become more independent, gives them a sense of ownership over their own body and may also reduce the need for occupational therapy and physiotherapy.<ref name="conchar" /> <br>
 
<br>
 
===== Social Facilitators  =====
 
[[Image:Thinking Theo.jpg|100x100px]][[Image:Parent PA Bubble.jpg]]<br>
 
*Studies haven shown that children (aged 4-7) of physically active mothers are twice as likely to take part in physical activity than children with inactive mothers. The are also 3.5 times more likely to engage in physical activity if they have active fathers. Those with two active parents are almost 6 times more likely to be physically active than children of inactive parents.<ref name="moore">Moore LL, Lombardi DA, White MJ, Campbell JL, Oliveria SA, Ellison RC. Influence of parents' physical activity levels on activity levels of young children. The Journal of pediatrics. 1991 Feb 28;118(2):215-9.</ref> As a parent, you are the most influential role model to your child. That’s why your own behaviours and the value you place on physical activity will directly effect the level of your child’s participation in sports and activities.<ref name="trost">Trost SG, Sallis J, Pate R, Freedson P, Taylor W, Dowda M. Evaluating a model of parental influence on youth physical activity. Am J Prev Med. 2003;25:277–82. doi: 10.1016/S0749-3797(03)00217-4.</ref>&nbsp;[[Image:Lastone.jpg|right]]
 
*If you have managed to introduce a physically active lifestyle from a young age - that’s great! However, maintaining this lifestyle can be challenging as your child grows older. Parental support is also thought to be a key factor in maintaining physically active habits.<ref name="dowda">Dowda M, Dishman RK, Pfeiffer KA, Pate RR. Family support for physical activity in girls from 8th to 12th grade in South Carolina. Preventive medicine. 2007 Feb 28;44(2):153-9.</ref> Thus, the importance you place on your child’s physical activity levels, along with the encouragement and support you provide is vital in facilitating your child to maintain an active behaviour. This involves your willingness and ability to provide transport to practices and competitions, and showing support and appreciating their achievements in order to aid participation.<ref name="conchar" />
 
*As a parent, you are also in charge your child’s daily schedule. Why not reduce screen time during the day and encourage your child to go outside and play? Factor in the time taken to go to the park or a class to include physical as a daily requirement.
 
*Habits of friends and siblings can also impact your child’s decision to take part in activities. Children enjoy belonging to something or someone; taking part in activities with family and friends can give them a feeling of togetherness and of being noticed and accepted as part of a group.<ref name="lauruschkus2" /> It also gives them the opportunity to meet others with similar abilities and most importantly to be seen as more than their disability!
 
<br>
 
=== What's Key To Remember?  ===
 
[[Image:Thinking Theo.jpg|left|100x100px]]
 
<br> ''"To sum it up, keeping these six Fs of childhood disability in your mind will help you remember what's most important to them and the key motivators to encouraging your child to being physically active!"'' <ref>Rosenbaum P, Gorter JW. The ‘F‐words’ in childhood disability: I swear this is how we should think!. Child: care, health and development. 2012 Jul 1;38(4):457-63.</ref>&nbsp;<br>
 
<br>
 
<br>
 
[[Image:6Fs.jpg|center]]<br>
 
== Funding  ==
 
As mentioned, cost can be big barrier to taking part in sport; therefore, this section will guide you to organisations, foundations and trusts in Scotland that can financially support your family and enable your child to take part in the sports and activities of their choice.
 
=== General Funding  ===
 
===== [http://www.sportsaidscotland.org.uk/athletes/nomination-process/ Sports Aid Scotland]  =====
 
Sports Aid Scotland gives grants to talented young adults (aged 12-22) who take part in sports and disability athletes (aged 22-45) who are representing Scotland at a national level. The grant covers costs for training and travelling.
 
===== [http://www.dreamitbelieveitachieveit.com/ Dream It Believe It Achieve It (DBA)]  =====
 
DBA supports anyone with a physical disability regardless of their abilities; they have helped complete beginners as well as Paralympains by offering financial support for specialist training, equipment, and competitions.<br><br>
Email: [email protected]<br><br>Telephone: 0844 414 8288
 
===== [http://www.ecas-edinburgh.org ECAS Edinburgh]  =====
 
You can apply for a transport grant from ECAS Edinburgh to attend their tai chi, yoga and swimming classes.
 
===== [http://takeabreakscotland.org.uk/applications/what-can-i-apply-for/ Take a Break]  =====
 
If you are a parent/carer of a disabled young person (aged 20 and under) who lives at home, you can apply for a grant from Take a Break. It can be used to cover costs for outings, leisure activities and sporting equipment. Grants are usually from £200-400 and have previously been used for gym memberships, horse riding and football equipment.
 
===== The Stanley Morrison Trust  =====
 
The Stanley Morrison Trust supports charities and community groups by sponsoring events that encourage young people to become more active. No exclusion criteria was provided.

 
Telephone: 0141 578 2252
 
===== [http://www.getkidsgoing.com/homepage.html Get Kids Going!]  =====
 
Get Kids Going! enables young people (aged 26 and under) to take part in disability sports by providing funding for specialist wheelchairs. They accept applications from individuals of all abilities - from complete beginners right up to Paralympians. The charity also gives sport grants to cover the costs of training, travelling, physiotherapy and competition fees.
 
For an application form, email: [email protected]&nbsp;
 
===== [http://www.adammillichipfoundation.org/ The Adam Millichip Foundation]  =====
 
The Adam Millichip Foundation helps cover costs for disabled people who want to improve their quality of life by taking part in sports and activities. However, they do not fund gym memberships. To apply here, your child needs to have the following: contact details, funding information and a personal statement. Proof of their disability by a doctor is also needed, but this letter can be provided later.
 
Telephone: 07866 424286<br>
 
===== [http://www.richardoveralltrust.co.uk/index.html The Richard Overall Trust]  =====
 
Set up in memory of Richard who had Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy, the Richard Overall Trust supports disabled children and young adults to engage in and enjoy sport. They provide funding for training, sports clothing, transport, specialist equipment and sporting event tickets. Applications can be made by individuals, groups, families and carers. They also need a supporting letter from either a physiotherapist, occupational therapist, GP or teacher. You can download the application form from their website.<br>
 
=== Equipment Funding  ===
 
===== [http://www.danmaskelltennistrust.org.uk/apply-for-a-grant.html The Dan Maskell Tennis Trust]  =====
 
The Dan Maskell Tennis Trust supports disabled people that wish to play tennis by providing grants for specialist wheelchairs. They are accept applications from individuals, clubs, schools and active disability programmes. You can complete the application online or by hand.
 
Dates of trustee meetings and application deadlines are as follows:<br>15/03/17 (closing date for applications is 16th February, 2017)<br>06/06/17 (closing date for applications is 9th May, 2017)<br>27/09/17 (closing date for applications is 30th August, 2017)
 
===== [http://wheelpower.org.uk/WPower/index.cfm/what-we-do/wheel-appeal/ Wheel Appeal]  =====
 
Wheel Appeal provides new sport wheelchairs, training and coaching for disabled children and adults. They help cover the costs of manual sport wheelchairs, hand cycles and hockey sledges by providing grants of up to £1,500. Applicants may be asked to contribute £250 towards their equipment. To apply, you need to sign up for a free membership on Wheelpower. Once you have completed your child’s application, it needs to be supported by a statement from a recognised sport club, school, sport body or spinal unit.
 
===== [http://www.caudwellchildren.com/ Caudwell Children (Enable Sport)]  =====
 
Caudwell Children provide funding for sporting equipment for young, disabled individuals (aged 19 and under). They only accept applications from children of families with an annual income of £45,000 or less. They also need a letter from the club/coach for proof of involvement in a sport and from a health professional for confirmation of disability.
 
===== [http://www.theadamsontrust.co.uk/index.html The Adamson Trust]  =====
 
The Adamson Trust helps cover costs of holidays and respite breaks for children with disabilities (aged 17 and under). The planned holidays have activities such adapted abseiling and canoeing. You can download the short application form from their website; the application must be completed and sent off by 31st December, 2016 in order for it to be discussed at the meeting of the trustees in February.
 
===== Holiday Grants  =====
 
Are you planning a holiday? If you want to learn about funding for respite holidays and applying for family holiday grants then head over to [http://www.disability-grants.org disability-grants.org].<br>
 
== Opportunities In The Lothians And Forth Valley  ==
 
As a parent, regardless of whether your child has a physical disability, you will often worry about how to provide the best opportunities for your child. By now, you should know that physical activity plays a very important part in every person’s life.
 
''Take a moment to think about how active you are as a family.''
 
Every family is different. Some families lead very active lifestyles, but find it hard to include their child when taking part in certain activities. Others may be a lot less active and then the challenge becomes even greater.
 
This section will explore a number of different sports and activities. It will also direct you to the opportunities out there for your child and family to become more physically active.
 
[[Image:Wheelchair Inclusivity.png|center|400px]]<br>
 
<br>
 
=== Indoor Sports  ===
 
===== Swimming  =====
 
Have you ever thought about swimming for your child, but were unsure whether swimming pools near you cater to the additional support needs your child may have?''Edinburgh Leisure'' offers ''Disability Swim'' in three locations across Edinburgh. The information for these is as follows:
 
Dalry Swim Centre: Wednesdays from 10:30am - 11:30am<br>Dumbrae Leisure Centre: Mondays from 11:00am - 12:00pm<br>Warrender Swim Centre: Mondays from 10:30am - 11:15am
 
Prices: Standard £5, Discount card £3.75, Junior and Disability Discount card £2.50.
 
Go to their [http://www.edinburghleisure.co.uk/activities/swimming-diving/swimming/disability-swim website] and book some sessions!
 
<br>If you stay in ''Forth Valley'', there are a few swimming clubs that you can look into for your child.
 
''Enable Arion Swimming Club'' train at the Peak Sports Village in Stirling on Thursdays from 7:00pm - 8:00pm.&nbsp;<br>Prices:&nbsp;£2.50 per week.<br>For further information contact Moria Williamson by telephone (07523 132 144).
 
''Dolphin Swimming Club'' meet up at Grangemouth Sports Complex every alternate Saturday.<br>For training times and more information contact Shirley Jenkins by telephone (01324 504560).
 
''Stirling Swimming Club'' train at Stirling University on Wednesdays and Fridays from 6:30pm - 8:30pm.<br>Prices:&nbsp;£50 for annual membership, £25 per month.&nbsp;<br>For more information contact Ilona Shilliday by&nbsp;email ([email protected]).
 
===== Wheelchair Basketball  =====
 
Does your child prefer a team-based sport perhaps? Why not give wheelchair basketball a try? Playing this fully inclusive, fast-paced game is a great way for your child to stay physically active, build their self-esteem and make new friends.
 
Hear what parents and kids have to say about wheelchair basketball:<br>
 
{{#ev:youtube|YRw3ztn24MY|400}}<br>
 
If your child wants to shoot hoops, Lothian Phoenix Wheelchair Basketball Club (LPWBC) offers weekly training for children at the following site in ''West Lothian'':
 
''Armadale Academy'': Thursdays from 7:00pm - 7:45pm
 
To get in touch with LPWBC and learn more about the rules of wheelchair basketball, visit their [http://www.lothianphoenix.org.uk/index.htm website].<br>
 
===== Judo  =====
 
How about something more rough and tumble? Practicing judo can help build physical and mental toughness and improve self-confidence. If your child is interested in judo, ''Jidel Judo Club'' (JJC) run training sessions specifically for individuals living with disabilities at the following locations:
 
Craigswood Sports Centre (Livingston): Mondays from 6:45pm - 7:30pm<br>Napier University (EN)GAGE Sports Centre (Edinburgh): Tuesdays from 7:00pm - 7:45pm
 
To book a taster session and learn more about the classes at JJC, head over to their [http://jideljudo93.com website ]or call 07411 722240.
 
===== Badminton  =====
 
Have you ever thought about badminton for your child but were unsure where to start? Playing in the ''Lothian Disability Badminton Club'' (LDBC) is a great way for your child to develop better hand-eye coordination and meet new people in a friendly environment. The LDBC is open to individuals of all ages and abilities. Sessions are held at following two sites:
 
Musselburgh Sports Centre: Tuesdays from 6:00pm - 7:00pm (for beginners) and 7:00pm - 9:00pm (for players with disabilities)<br>Bathgate Academy: Wednesdays from 6:00pm - 8:00pm (for players with disabilities)
 
Prices: Free first session, then £4 per session or £25 for an annual membership.
 
Listen to a mother talk about how the LBDC has changed her son’s life:
 
{{#ev:youtube|TXE4XKmijFw|400}}<br>
 
For more information, visit their [http://www.lothiandisabilitybadmintonclub.org.uk website].<br>
 
===== Tennis  =====
 
Does your child look up to Andy Murray and dream of playing tennis? Edinburgh Leisure and ''Winning Wheels Wheelchair Tennis Club'' (WWWTC) have partnered up to make it a reality. Tennis classes for children using wheelchairs and those with additional support needs are held at Craiglockhart Tennis Centre during school term times. The information for Junior sessions (aged 16 and under) and Adult sessions (aged 16 and over) are as follows:
 
Sundays from 3:30pm - 4:30pm (for children with additional support needs)<br>Sundays from 4:30pm - 5:30pm (for children using wheelchairs)<br>Sundays from 5:30pm - 7:00pm (for adults using wheelchairs)<br>Mondays from 11:00am - 12:00pm (for adults with additional support needs)
 
Prices: £4.40 per session for Juniors, £4.40 per Additional Support Needs session for Adults, £5 per Wheelchair session for Adults.
 
Call 0131 443 0101 or email Anna Myatt ([email protected]) to arrange a FREE taster session.
 
If you want to know more about WWWTC, go to their [http://winningwheels.btck.co.uk website].<br>
 
If you stay in ''Forth Valley'', ''Stirling Tennis Club'' has sessions on Saturday afternoons that are open to all school-aged children with a disability.&nbsp;For further information, please contact Hannah Pickford by email ([email protected]) or telephone (07986221506).
 
===== Multisports  =====
 
What if your child wants a mixture of different sports? What happens then? Well, ''No Limits Sports Club'' is a club for children and young adults living with a disability. The only issue is that it is not well known to all of you out there. It is based at the Linlithgow Leisure Centre and includes sports such as boccia, badminton, carpet bowls, table tennis, archery, football. To make it sound even better, the attendance fee for your child is £2 and siblings go for £1.50. Why not make it a family outing?<br>
 
If you don’t believe it, head to this [http://nolimitssportsclub.org.uk/index.php/home website ]and have a look at what the club goers have to say about it.
 
If you live in ''Forth Valley'', the ''2020 Club'' offers multisports to young people (aged 10-18) with a physical or sensory disability. Sessions are held at Larbert High School on Saturdays from 1:00pm - 3:00pm. To get in touch for further information please contact Graham Harvey by email ([email protected]) or by telephone (01786 466486).
 
''Central Wheelchair Multisports Club'' also offers Wheelchair Basketball and Wheelchair Tennis for young people. Sessions are held at Stirling University on Mondays from 4:00pm - 6:00pm. If you are interested in joining the action, please contact Mitchell Graham by email ([email protected]).
 
=== Outdoor Activities  ===
 
===== Walking  =====
 
Who says you have to run a marathon or kick a football to be active? Did you know that walking is a great way to enjoy fresh air and beautiful scenery with your family? Walking as a family is not always easy if a family member is using a wheelchair; but, this is not to say that it is impossible. With the wonderful and accessible walking routes Edinburgh and the surrounding Lothian area has to offer, you are bound to find somewhere you can enjoy walking as a family. Here are just some of the places you and your family can take a lovely stroll:
 
====== Britannia Walk  ======
 
Do you live near or frequently visit Ocean Terminal Shopping Centre in Leith? If so, then why not enjoy a nice walk along the water where the Britannia is docked. It's less than a mile, mostly flat and ideal for buggies and wheelchairs. Perhaps after a day of shopping in Ocean Terminal, you could head down there for the fresh air and stunning view. For those of you who still don’t know where it is, pop EH6 6JJ into maps on your phone or your GPS and it should lead you next to the blue car park of Ocean Terminal Shopping Centre.
 
====== The Meadows  ======


[[Image:MeadowsNew.jpg|left|200px]] This is another scenic walking route that you and your family can enjoy in Edinburgh. It's mostly flat and quite short, but it’s accessible to people using wheelchairs. So, if you are willing to get out and take part in some exercise, head over to the Meadows off Melville Drive on the A700 with your entire family.<br>  
*Studies have shown that children (aged 4-7) of physically active mothers are twice as likely to take part in physical activity than children with inactive mothers. The are also 3.5 times more likely to engage in physical activity if they have active fathers. Those with two active parents are almost 6 times more likely to be physically active than children of inactive parents.<ref name="moore">Moore LL, Lombardi DA, White MJ, Campbell JL, Oliveria SA, Ellison RC. Influence of parents' physical activity levels on activity levels of young children. The Journal of pediatrics. 1991 Feb 28;118(2):215-9.</ref> &nbsp;


====== The Water of Leith – Walkway  ======
*Encouraging parents to take an active interest in their child’s daily schedule. Suggest reducing screen time during the day and encouraging children to go outside and play. Factor in the time taken to go to the park or a class to include physical as a daily requirement.


This wonderful walkway passes through many areas in Edinburgh such as Stockbridge, Royal Botanic Gardens, and Scottish Gallery of Modern Art. It's ideal for family strolls as it’s a great getaway from the hustle and bustle of city life. This route is suitable for cycling and can be accessed in part by wheelchairs and even by horseback! If you are keen on planning a trip with your family to explore this route, visit [http://www.waterofleith.org.uk/walkway here] and download the PDF of the walkway map.
*Habits of friends and siblings can also impact a child’s decision to take part in activities. Children enjoy belonging to something or someone; taking part in activities with family and friends can give them a feeling of togetherness and of being noticed and accepted as part of a group. It also gives them the opportunity to meet others with similar abilities and most importantly to be seen as more than their disability!
 
[[Image:6Fs.jpg|center]]  
====== North Berwick – Beach Wheelchairs  ======
 
[[Image:NB.jpg|right|200px]]
 
[[Image:Thinking Theo.jpg|left]]''"If you thought it was impossible to push a wheelchair on the sand, think again."'' Beach Wheelchairs is a Scottish Charity that makes it possible. They believe that everyone has the right to enjoy the beautiful beaches Scotland has to offer. This amazing charity provides beach wheelchairs and walkers for children and adults which can be collected from the Beach Hut at North Berwick Harbour in East Lothian. Not only that, if you want to, you can loan a beach wheelchair for free! If you're wondering how to book this fantastic opportunity, all you have to do is keep reading.<br>
 
<br>How to book: Call 03001112112 to discuss the available equipment and book a session which suits you. Sessions can be held in the morning, afternoon or evening, every day of the week. For more information click [http://www.beachwheelchairs.org/ here].
 
====== Royal Botanic Gardens Edinburgh (RBGE)  ======
 
Did you know that the RBGE has wonderful gardens and glasshouses, an art gallery, a visitor centre and some restaurants? The gardens are largely accessible to wheelchair users and the all the buildings have level or ramped ground floor access. Also, any steep paths which are not wheelchair accessible are signposted and garden staff can advise you on the glasshouses that are not accessible. This will prevent any disappointments! If you visit their [http://www.rbge.org.uk/the-gardens/edinburgh/accessibilty website], you can read more about the access to the gardens you want to see.<br> <br>If you are a lover of plants, science, and horticulture and would like to share this love with your child and family, then why not get front row seats to their world class living collection?<br>
 
====== Edinburgh Royal Mile Wheelchair Accessible Walking Tour  ======
 
If you have family or friends visiting from other parts of the world, perhaps a walking tour of Edinburgh is just what you are looking for. Due to the prices, this may not be an option for everyone; but it's definitely worth knowing about. The tours run 7 days a week and an 8-hour tour costs £360 for 2 people or £420 for a group of 4. The highlights of the tour include the Royal Mile, Princes Street and Holyrood Palace to name a few. The walking tour also takes time out for some lunch.<br> <br>If you are interested in finding out more or booking a tour, click [http://www.sagetraveling.com/edinburgh-accessible-guided-tours here]!
 
<br>
 
===== Cycling  =====
 
[[Image:Bike.jpg|right|400px]]Learning to ride a bike is part of a normal childhood; but, as you may already know, for some children this is not always possible. No child should have to be told that they can never go for a bike ride; and thankfully, with the development of adapted bikes it should no longer be an issue. Yet as a parent, you are probably wondering whether you can even afford one of these specially designed bikes. Well, you will be happy to hear that there's a cycling hub in Edinburgh where bikes can be used daily/weekly. Not only will this recent project provide more opportunities for you and your family, but it will also support the growth and learning of your child.
 
====== FABB/Blazing Saddles  ======
 
FABB/Blazing Saddles is a mobile all-ability cycling initiative. They provide cycling for disabled people by lending adaptive bikes and equipment through 12 local hubs. Luckily, there is a cycling hub right here in Edinburgh! The aim of this fantastic initiative is to challenge barriers and improve access for disabled individuals, so that they can take part in social, leisure and educational activities of their choice. Cycling may, be something your child would like to participate in and Blazing Saddles makes it much more possible for them.<br> <br>
 
====== Edinburgh All-Ability Bike Centre  ======
 
In the Lothian area, there’s an all-ability cycling hub based in Bangholm Outdoor Education Centre. Currently, this bike centre is approaching winter break and will be closed from 30th November, 2016; however, activities will resume on 20th February, 2017 as follows:<br>
 
Tuesdays from 10:00am - 12:00pm (for pre booked groups)<br>Tuesdays from 12:00pm - 4:00pm (open drop-in sessions for individuals)<br>Wednesdays from 10:00am - 1:00pm (for pre booked groups)<br>Fridays from 12:00pm - 4:00pm (open drop-in sessions for individuals)<br>Sundays from 10:00am - 12:00pm (bookable sessions for individuals)
 
They have a range of adaptive bikes, trikes, side by sides, hand-cycles, wheelchair transporters and standard bikes of different sizes. All sessions are supported by trained staff and volunteers to ensure that everyone can enjoy cycling regardless of their age, backgrounds, experience or ability. All sessions are FREE and new riders should get in touch to arrange a first visit for a trial of the bikes.
 
[[Image:Thinking Theo.jpg|left|200px]]''"What's your excuse?"''
 
This will be a great chance for you and your family to enjoy cycling together. They also has a Facebook page and Twitter account so that you can follow all the updates. Have a look at the attached flyer below for contact details and more information about this amazing opportunity.
 
''Enjoy the ride!''
 
You can download their flyer here: {{pdf|Edinburgh-ABC-A5-lo-res313.pdf|Edinburgh All-Ability Bike Centre Flyer}}
 
How to find it: Bangholm Outdoor Education Centre, 28 Craighall Gardens, Edinburgh, EH6 4RJ
 
<br> <br>
 
===== Horse Riding  =====
 
If you have a burning desire to enrol your child in a riding school then who is to say it’s not possible? Or, has your child ever expressed their wish to ride a horse, but you think it’s impossible? Riding for the Disabled Association (RDA), is a national charity set up to provide therapy, achievement and most importantly, fun. Dedicated physiotherapists, staff members and volunteers work regularly with horses and ponies to fundamentally improve the minds of 28,000 people across the UK. Luckily, the RDA has a few sites here in the Lothian area. Unfortunately, due to the costs of horses and the growing demand, most place have waiting lists.&nbsp;
 
<span style="font-size: 13.28px;">Did you know that riding creates friendships, helps muscle coordination, builds self confidence and is great fun?</span>
 
<span style="font-size: 13.28px;">Here is a list of the different locations and their websites around Edinburgh:
</span>
 
[[Www.drumrda.org.uk|Drum (Gilmerton)]], [[Www.muirfieldridingtherapy.org.uk|Muirfield (North Berwick)]], [[Www.ravelrig-rda.org.uk|Ravelrig (Balerno)]], [[Www.thornton-rose-rda.org.uk|Thornton Rose RDA (Rosewell)]], [[Www.westlothianrda.org.uk|West Lothian]]
 
Now for some more information on the riding sites for your child:
 
====== Muirfield Riding Therapy  ======
 
Muirfield Riding Therapy (MRT) is a riding school that operates 7 sessions per week. It is open to children, teens and young adults, for FREE; however, you do have to apply before you show up. All you have to do now is go to MRT’s website and complete the form. In some instances, you may even get a referral from your GP.
 
Check out what MRT school has to offer and fall in love instantly:<br>
 
{{#ev:youtube|Xks5GfrUGC0|400}}<br>
 
<br>
 
====== Thornton Rose  ======
 
If MRT seems far away, Thornton Rose is another option for you. This riding group provides opportunities for people of all ages and disabilities to enjoy a safe, stimulating and therapeutic activity. Although Thornton Rose is the only group based in Midlothian, it is open to everyone in the Lothian area. Interestingly, not all participants are riders; some members come and care for the horses while others do chores around the stables. Sessions are FREE and usually last about 30-35 minutes. During this time, parents and carers are asked to stay in the yard, but are also welcome to ride with their child for the first few weeks to settle them in. To further entice you, there is a caravan in the yard with tea and coffee! This all sounds perfect right? Unfortunately, the waiting list can be quite long. Participants also need to be matched to particular horses and the amount of time this may take is unknown. For some this wait is short, but for others, it may be several years.
 
{{#ev:youtube|KizOl7FEi9Y|400}}<br>
 
<br>
 
===== Golf  =====
 
Golf may not appeal to most of you, but for those of you who are interested, there's an opportunity for you and your family to enjoy a round of golf at the 12-Hole Hermitage Family Golf Course here in Edinburgh. Known as the first course of its type in the UK, it enables people living with disabilities to enjoy a game of golf at their own pace. This fantastic golf course is located in Braid Hills Drive and caters for the additional support needs your child may have. If that hasn’t persuaded you, a resident PGA golf professional offers private and group sessions. Golf camps are also held all year round and there’s an open-to-all coffee house on site.<br>
 
For more information don’t hesitate to visit their [http://www.hermitagescotland.co.uk/ website].
 
How to book: Call 0131 447 5700
 
Prices: For the day, family (up to 4) is £22, child (up to 16 years) is £4, parent and child is £10, full membership is £275.
 
If you are keen to get your child involved in golf, there are locally based PGA professionals who offer lessons. Prices range upward of £20 per half hour. Scottish Disability Golf, which supports golf for the disabled person in Scotland, have also used professionals at Melville, Duddingston, Dalmahoy and Houston in recent months.<br>
 
===== Track &amp; Field =====
 
Has your child ever wanted to zoom around the track like the superhero Flash? Race running might just be the sport for them. A recognized international disability sport, race running involves running around the track with the support of a specialised bike.&nbsp;
 
<br>
 
Check out the following video to get a better idea of what it's all about:
 
{{#ev:youtube|eiB1Dx8eRnU|400}}<br>
 
=== Indoor Activities  ===
 
===== Play  =====
 
If you thought things could not get any more fun, they just have! ''The Yard'' is a purpose built indoor and outdoor adventure playground for children and young people living with disabilities. It lies in the heart of Edinburgh and, quite simply could not cater for people with additional support needs any better than it already does. This is a place for your whole family; it will give you and your children the chance to explore your surroundings and interact with others. Most importantly, your child will make new friends who won’t look at them differently and who experience the same struggles they do.
 
Check out what parents have to say about ''The Yard'':<br>
 
{{#ev:youtube|yzwg8RZhHAc|400}}<br>
 
<br> <br> Ages: 3-25
 
Prices: £5-7 per month, for visiting members £15 (5 visits) and £25 (10 visits) per year.
 
How to find it: The Yard has a site here in Edinburgh (22 Eyre Place Lane, Edinburgh, EH3 5EH)
 
For more information, visit their [http://www.theyardscotland.org.uk/ website] or call 0131 476 4506.
 
===== Dance  =====
 
Did you know that you can get a great workout from dancing? If your child enjoys watching 'Strictly Come Dancing’ and moving along to music, why not head over to Dance Base?
 
[[Image:Dance Base.png|center|400px]]<br><br>Based in Grassmarket, Dance Base is a centre that provides dance courses and drop-in sessions for people of all ages and abilities.&nbsp;They have classes designed to include individuals with additional support needs and cover a range of different styles from hip-hop to ceilidh and much more. For children (aged 14 and over), they run the following weekly drop-in classes for all levels:
 
Inclusive Contemporary on Tuesdays from 11:00am - 12:00pm (booking required)<br>Inclusive Ceilidh on Thursdays from&nbsp;11:00am - 12:00pm&nbsp;(booking required)<br>Inclusive Hip Hop on Fridays from&nbsp;10:00am - 11:00am&nbsp;(booking required)<br>Inclusive Party Playlist on Fridays fro 11:00am - to 12:00pm&nbsp;(booking required)
 
Price: The sessions are&nbsp;£6 and support workers are encouraged to join the fun at no extra cost.
 
Although they do not have any specifically designed classes for children with disabilities (aged 14 and under), they are happy to make adjustments where possible.
 
For more information on timings and prices; or even just to book classes 24 hours check out their [http://www.dancebase.co.uk website],&nbsp;call 0131 225 5525 or head over there in person.
 
===== Active Video Gaming  =====
 
Did you know that everyone in your family can enjoy getting physically active from your very own living room? Active Video Gaming (AVG) can be a fun way for your child to get themselves moving. Investing in a safe and user-friendly gaming console such as the Nintendo Wii or XBox360 with Kinect will enable everyone in your family to take part in AVGs. Where Nintendo Wii uses handheld remotes and ‘nunchuks’ to activate the motion sensors, the XBox360 with Kinect uses a camera and sensors to track movements. Once you have your chosen gaming console linked up to the television and a game, all your child needs is some space and they are set to play.
 
Here are just a few games that you and your child can play together. Depending on what your child is interested in, there are plenty of other games out there for you to choose from.
 
====== Wii Sports  ======
 
This standard game for the Wii offers five different sporting experiences - boxing, tennis, golf, bowling and baseball. The more recent release Wii Sports Resort offers twelve sporting experiences including archery, swordplay and canoeing. It is best suited for anyone aged 7 or older and four family members can play at the same time (depending on the number of remotes).
 
Have a look at the different movements involved in the Wii Sports Resort games:<br>
 
{{#ev:youtube|5qcDjwRynyU|400}}<br>
 
====== Kinect Sports  ======
 
This Kinect game can be played by anyone aged 3 or older. It offers six different sporting experiences - volleyball, boxing, bowling, football, athletics and table-tennis. The more recent release ''Kinect Sports: Season 2'' offers six other sports including tennis, darts and baseball.
 
''Kinect Rush: A Disney Pixar Adventure'' - If your child is a fan of Disney, they might love playing this one. Using their arms, they can command their on-screen characters to throw, steer, swing, climb and run in various movie-based games.
 
If you are interested in knowing more about which consoles and games are best suited for your child, talk to the salesperson in the store.


== Conclusion  ==
== Conclusion  ==


To sum it up, physical activity is hugely important for us all, and children with physical disabilities are no exception. Unfortunately, children with disabilities are less active than their able-bodied peers and therefore encouraging their participation in sporting and recreational activities is vital.<ref name="shields2" /> In this online resource we have talked you through the various physical and psychological advantages of being physically active such as, but not limited to improvements in body function, heart and bone health, psychological wellbeing and social engagement.<ref name="shields2" /> &nbsp;We have informed you on just how much exercise your child and each member of the family should be achieving in order to help prevent or delay the development of long-term conditions. We have identified the main barriers to taking part in physical activity such as, but not limited to lack of motivation, time, cost and a shortage of available facilities. We hope that by making you aware of these, you will be better equipped to plan ways to overcome them. We have also discussed the key facilitators and motivating factors to participation including the sense of achievement, social inclusion, and most importantly having fun! We hope to have emphasised the importance of your role as your child’s parent and advocate in aiding their participation; including the influence of your support and own physical activity levels. Most importantly, we hope that after reading this we have saved you some time researching about opportunities and helped motivate you, your child and your family to get out and get active.
Physical activity is hugely important for everyone, and children with physical disabilities are no exception. Unfortunately, children with disabilities are less active than their able-bodied peers and therefore encouraging their participation in sporting and recreational activities is vital.<ref name="shields2" /> In this online resource we have talked you through the various physical and psychological advantages of being physically active such as, but not limited to improvements in body function, heart and bone health, psychological wellbeing and social engagement.<ref name="shields2" /> &nbsp;  
 
We are aware that new opportunities are born every moment and we welcome others to update the page if they are aware of other clubs and classes that currently exist or know of new ones that are just starting out. The opportunities on this page are just several of many different sports and activities you can get your child involved in. Let’s get active!
 
== Scottish Disability Sport And Other Useful Resources  ==
 
You may find the following organisations to be useful.<br>
 
''Lothian Disability Sport'' is a charitable organisation that aims to develop, support and provide sporting opportunities for people with a physical, sensory and learning disability in Edinburgh and the Lothians. They organise, plan and develop annual junior and adult programmes in partnership with the local authorities. To find out more about Lothian Disability Sport check out their [http://www.lothiandisabilitysport.co.uk website].
 
''Forth Valley Disability Sport'' is a charitable organisation that aims to develop, support and&nbsp;provide sporting opportunities for people with a physical, sensory and learning disability in Stirling, Clackmannanshire and Falkirk. They organise, plan and develop annual junior and adult programmes in partnership with the three local authorities: Active Sitrling, Clackmannanshire Council and Falkirk Community Trust. To find out more about Forth Valley Disability Sport check out their [http://www.fvds.org.uk website].<br>
 
These are some&nbsp;additional resources that are worth checking out.&nbsp;Go have a look when you have a spare moment.
 
[http://www.wheelpower.org.uk/WPower/ http://www.wheelpower.org.uk/WPower/]<br>[http://apcp.csp.org.uk/disability-sport-directory http://apcp.csp.org.uk/disability-sport-directory]<br>[http://www.whizz-kidz.org.uk/uploads/general/Get_our_help/Parents/Mobility_to_Ability_(2).pdf http://www.whizz-kidz.org.uk/uploads/general/Get_our_help/Parents/Mobility_to_Ability_(2).pdf]<br>


== References  ==
== References  ==
Line 568: Line 106:
<references />  
<references />  


References will automatically be added here, see &lt;a href="Adding References"&gt;adding references tutorial&lt;/a&gt;.
  [[Category:Sports Medicine]]
 
[[Category:Younger Athlete]]
&lt;span class="fck_mw_references" _fck_mw_customtag="true" _fck_mw_tagname="references" /&gt;
[[Category:Occupational Health]]
 
[[Category:Queen Margaret University Project]]
== References for Images and Videos ==
[[Category:Current and Emerging Roles in Physiotherapy Practice]]
 
Ben Chmielewski. Why do we play sports? 2016. [Picture] Available from: http://www.willistonian.org/why-do-we-play-sports/ [Accessed on 29th November]
 
Areadne. Towards the inclusive classroom: best practice [Picture]. 2015. Available from: http://www.areadne.eu/course/towards-the-inclusive-classroom-best-practice/ [Accessed on 23rd November 2016]  
 
Newsocracy. Wheelchair Basketball is a Game Changer for Mississippi Kids [Video]. 2014. Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YRw3ztn24MY [Accessed on 23rd November 2016]  
 
Fiona Christie. Lothian Disability Badminton Club [Video]. 2013. Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TXE4XKmijFw [Accessed on 23rd November 2016]  
 
Bank of Scotland. Muirfield Riding Therapy - Bank of Scotland Community Fund. [Video] 2014. Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xks5GfrUGC0 [Accessed on 23rd November 2016]
 
TommyLawson. Thornton Rose Riding for the Disabled. [Video] 2011. Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KizOl7FEi9Y [Accessed on 23rd November 2016]  
 
The Yard. The Yard DIY SOS short film [Video]. 2016. Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yzwg8RZhHAc [Accessed on 23rd November 2016]  
 
GDJ. Colourful Dancing Women Silhouette [Picture]. 2015. Available from: https://openclipart.org/detail/231890/colorful-dancing-women-silhouette [Accessed on 23rd November 2016]
 
IGN. Wii Sports Resort: Motion Plus Demo [Video]. 2009. Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5qcDjwRynyU [Accessed on 23rd November 2016]

Latest revision as of 13:07, 22 May 2020

Original Editor - Dunika Dissanayake, Janan Kothari, Orla Corrigan, Rhianne Brisbane, Sinead Moloney and Vanessa Puzzuoli as part of the Queen Margaret University's Current and Emerging Roles in Physiotherapy Practice Project Top Contributors - Janan Kothari, Vanessa Puzzuoli, Dunika Dissanayake, Orla Corrigan, Sinead Moloney, Kim Jackson, Rhianne Joy Brisbane, Wanda van Niekerk, Michelle Lee, 127.0.0.1, Rachael Lowe and Amrita Patro

Introduction[edit | edit source]

Children should aim to take part in at least one hour of medium to hard intensity physical activity every day.[1] Encouraging children to be active with the distractions of technology can often be difficult but even more so if the child has a disability or medical condition. Guidance on how activities and exercises can be adapted can often be challenging that individuals living with disabilities were 82% more likely to take part in regular physical activity if a health professional advised it?[2]


Summarise.jpg

Benefits of Physical Activity![edit | edit source]

Physical activity is crucial for a child’s health an wellbeing, here are a few other benefits:

  • Can help a child feel more confident about themselves!
  • Can help to maintain a child's weight
  • Can improve motor skills, so they may find it a bit easier to perform certain movements they may have struggled with before[3]
  • Can improve their participation in school and P.E. classes[3]
  • Can improve their mood[3]
  • Can help improve their breathing
  • Can improve their bone, muscle and heart health
  • Can reduce the risk of falls and fractures
  • Active wheelchair users are less likely to have pressure sores and kidney complications than those who don’t take part in much physical activity.
  • Physical activity can also help a child with problems related to their behaviour[4][5][6][7][8][9][10]
  • Physical activity plays an important part in maintaining good fitness and it lowers their chances of getting a lifelong illnesses and/or other health conditions.[11]

Benefits and Disadvantages o Physical Activity for Wheelchair Users[edit | edit source]

Manual wheelchair users often feel pain around their shoulders because shoulders are naturally made for moving around rather than for constantly lifting and pushing lots of weight![12] The day-to-day life of a person who uses a manual wheelchair often involves a lot of pushing and lifting; from pushing themselves around all day to lifting themselves into and out of their wheelchair. This means that any shoulder injury may limit the amount of things they can normally do for themselves.[12][13]

Many injuries can happen from carrying out a shoulder movement for a specific task that is difficult to complete. For example, lifting a very heavy object over the head or by repeatedly performing a normal movement so often that your joint begins to wear down.[12] Activities like pushing a wheelchair for long distances or transferring in and out of a wheelchair many times throughout the day can cause an overuse injury.[12][13]

Getting exercise through sports is a great way to help strengthen your child’s muscles. Making sure their muscles and joints are strong means they will have the best chance at living independently, and goes a long way to improving their overall wellbeing![12][13]

It is important to minimise the risk of injury. Some common problems that can occur and how to avoid them include:

  • Skin
    • Prevent blisters on hands with gloves
    • Prevent wheel-burns by covering the area with protective material
    • Decrease bruising by placing pads where needed, i.e. bony areas and retaining straps
    • Cover blisters
  • Swimming
    • Protect skin
    • Place mats at the poolside during transfers
    • Protect the feet
  • Muscles and Joints
    • Monitor for overuse
    • Closely observe any muscle or joint pain
    • Maintain flexibility with stretching
  • Hyperthermia (High body temperature)
    • Take into account temperature if exercising outdoors
    • Encourage to drink lots of water
    • Avoid direct sunlight
  • Pressure Sores
    • Use cushions and padding where needed
    • Change position and shift weight regularly

Risks of Inactivity[edit | edit source]

Not taking part in enough physical activity is one of the biggest risk factors for death around the world. Individuals with disabilities have a 3 times higher chance of having health-related problems than individuals who do not have disabilities.[14] People who are less active have a 20-30% higher risk of death compared to people who are more active. Physical inactivity can also lead to fatigue and depression, putting on more weight, becoming more dependent on others. It also increases the risk of heart disease, type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, stroke, pressure sores, weaker bones, depression and several cancers.[14]

Barriers and Facilitators to Exercise[edit | edit source]

A child’s disability may make taking part in physical activity more difficult as it may limit range of movement at joints, flexibility, agility, strength or endurance, and balance and coordination.[15] Any of these limitations, may demotivate a child from taking part in more activities as well as:

  • Pain and/or fatigue may also limit a child from being active. It can often be due to overtraining, sitting for long periods or wearing their assistive devices such as an orthosis.[15]
  • A child may take more time to go outdoors during school breaks if they have to handle and wear orthoses. They may see it as an inconvenience and may stop using this time to play outside with their friends.[16]
  • Physical strength and skills that a child develops may be lost due to interruptions in training or recovery after surgery.[15]
  • As a child gets older, the gap between able-bodied children and disabled athletes in terms of physical strength and agility grows larger. With this, the skills gap also widens and sports become more competitive. As a result, it may become more difficult for a child to continue taking part in mainstream activities.[15]

Psychosocial and Emotional Barriers[edit | edit source]

  • Embarrassment, vulnerability, disappointment and shame at appearing physically incapable are just some of the uncomfortable emotions a child may experience. These feelings may lower their confidence and self-esteem. They may also feel frustrated at taking longer to learn a new skill and as a result, may avoid taking part in certain activities altogether.[15]
  • Negative attitudes from parents, staff and peers can hinder a child’s interest in physical activity.[17] It may come in the form of teasing from other children and/or teachers who lack training in adapting activities to suit your child needs. This also results in excluding them from taking part in school clubs and activities.[18]
  • As a result, a child may feel singled out and alone. These feelings can sometimes lead them to believe they are not good enough and can make it more difficult for them to persevere with physical activity.[16]

Cost and Environmental Barriers[edit | edit source]

  • Finding time in the midst of appointments with various therapists, school runs, caring for other children, along with day-to-day duties poses as one of the main barriers to including physical activity in a child’s life. With the extra expenses of caring for a child with a disability and fewer earnings due to taking on caring responsibilities instead of work, there is often little money leftover to spend on membership for various classes and clubs.[18]
  • Sporting opportunities specific to a child’s abilities, as well as those available locally are often poorly advertised.[19][18]
  • Sporting facilities that cater for a child’s needs may be often lacking in certain areas such as shortage of qualified staff willing to supervise activities for children with motor impairments and lack of equipment to aid sports, especially as a child gets older.[20][16]
  • Unfortunately, local clubs and societies may also face difficulties such recruiting enough children to make up teams or finding other teams to play against.[15]  
  • With this comes the barrier of transport. Living far away from such facilities and having to travel to introduce a child to such activities, may not be always be easy to access via public transport.[15]  
  • One off programmes as well as long waiting lists for specialised classes may also pose as a barrier to a child’s participation in physical activity.[18]
  • Specialised adaptive equipment for sports is also costly and not always readily available.[21]
  • Environmental barriers may also get in the way to accessing sporting facilities. These may include lack of curb cuts and ramps, doors being too narrow for wheelchair access and reception desks being too high to talk to staff. 

Social Facilitators[edit | edit source]

  • Studies have shown that children (aged 4-7) of physically active mothers are twice as likely to take part in physical activity than children with inactive mothers. The are also 3.5 times more likely to engage in physical activity if they have active fathers. Those with two active parents are almost 6 times more likely to be physically active than children of inactive parents.[22]  
  • Encouraging parents to take an active interest in their child’s daily schedule. Suggest reducing screen time during the day and encouraging children to go outside and play. Factor in the time taken to go to the park or a class to include physical as a daily requirement.
  • Habits of friends and siblings can also impact a child’s decision to take part in activities. Children enjoy belonging to something or someone; taking part in activities with family and friends can give them a feeling of togetherness and of being noticed and accepted as part of a group. It also gives them the opportunity to meet others with similar abilities and most importantly to be seen as more than their disability!
6Fs.jpg

Conclusion[edit | edit source]

Physical activity is hugely important for everyone, and children with physical disabilities are no exception. Unfortunately, children with disabilities are less active than their able-bodied peers and therefore encouraging their participation in sporting and recreational activities is vital.[20] In this online resource we have talked you through the various physical and psychological advantages of being physically active such as, but not limited to improvements in body function, heart and bone health, psychological wellbeing and social engagement.[20]  

References[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ Physical Activity. World Health Organisation. Available from: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs385/en/. [Accessed 16th November 2016].
  2. ↑ Physical Activity and Health. Centres for Disease Control and Prevention. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/physicalactivity/basics/pa-health/index.htm
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Emck C, Bosscher R, Beek P, Doreleijers T. Gross motor performance and self‐perceived motor competence in children with emotional, behavioural, and pervasive developmental disorders: a review. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology. 2009, Jul 1;51(7):501-17.
  4. ↑ Moone MS, Renzaglia A. Physical fitness and the mentally retarded: a critical review of the literature Journal of Special Education. 1982;16(16) 3: 269 -287.
  5. ↑ Nishiyama S, Kuwahara T, Maatsudea I. Decreased bone density in severely handicapped children and adults with reference to the influence of limited mobility and anticonvulsant medication European Journal of Pediatrics. 1986; 144(5): 457-763.
  6. ↑ Lancioni GE. Procedures for promoting independent activity in people with severe and profound learning disability: A brief review: Mental Handicap Research. 1994; 7 (3):237-256
  7. ↑ Lancioni GE, O'Reilly MF. A review of research on physical exercise with people with severe and profound developmental disabilities. Research in Development Disabilities. 1998; 19(6): 477-492.
  8. ↑ Washburn RA, Zhu W, McAuley E, Frogle M, Figonis SF. The physical Activity Scale for individuals with physical disabilities: Development and Evaluation. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2002; 83:193-200.
  9. ↑ Nary DE, Froehlich AK, White GW. Accessibility of fitness facilities for persons with physical disabilities using wheelchairs. Topics in Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation. 2000; 6(1): 90-101.
  10. ↑ Boland M. Health promotion and health promotion needs assessment of people attending disability services in the HSE, East Coast Area. Doctorate of Medicine, University College Dublin. 2005
  11. ↑ 12. Fentem PH. Education and debate ABC of Sports Medicine: Benefits of exercise in health and disease. British Medical Journal. 1994;308:1291-1295.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 Fullerton HD, Borckardt JJ, Alfano AP. Shoulder pain: A comparison of wheelchair athletes and nonathletic wheelchair users. Med. Sci. Sports Exec. 2003. Vol 35, No 12, pp. 1958-1961.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 Curtis KA, Black K. Shoulder pain in female wheelchair basketball players. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy. 1999. Vol, 29N No 4, pp. 225–231.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Increasing Physical Activity among Adults with Disabilities. Centres for Disease Control and Prevention. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/disabilityandhealth/pa.html
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4 15.5 15.6 Conchar L, Bantjes J, Swartz L, Derman W. Barriers and facilitators to participation in physical activity: The experiences of a group of South African adolescents with cerebral palsy. Journal of health psychology. 2014 Mar 6:1359105314523305.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 Lauruschkus K, Nordmark E, Hallström I. “It’s fun, but…” Children with cerebral palsy and their experiences of participation in physical activities. Disability and rehabilitation. 2014 Feb 13;37(4):283-9
  17. ↑ Jones DB. “Denied from a lot of places” barriers to participation in community recreation programs encountered by children with disabilities in Maine: perspectives of parents. Leisure/Loisir. 2003 Jan 1;28(1-2):49-69.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 Shields N, Synnot A. Perceived barriers and facilitators to participation in physical activity for children with disability: a qualitative study. BMC pediatrics. 2012 Jan 19;16(1):1.
  19. ↑ Jaarsma EA, Dijkstra PU, de Blécourt AC, Geertzen JH, Dekker R. Barriers and facilitators of sports in children with physical disabilities: a mixed-method study. Disability and rehabilitation. 2015 Aug 28;37(18):1617-25.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 Shields N, Synnot A. Perceived barriers and facilitators to participation in physical activity for children with disability: a qualitative study. BMC pediatrics. 2016 Jan 19;16(1):1.
  21. ↑ Rimmer JH, Riley B, Wang E, Rauworth A, Jurkowski J. Physical activity participation among persons with disabilities: barriers and facilitators. American journal of preventive medicine. 2004 Jun 30;26(5):419-25.
  22. ↑ Moore LL, Lombardi DA, White MJ, Campbell JL, Oliveria SA, Ellison RC. Influence of parents' physical activity levels on activity levels of young children. The Journal of pediatrics. 1991 Feb 28;118(2):215-9.
Retrieved from "https://www.physio-pedia.com/index.php?title=Physical_Activity,_Sport_and_Recreation_for_Young_People_with_Physical_Disabilities&oldid=239256"