Introduction to the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF): Difference between revisions
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== Introduction == | == Introduction == | ||
The model of disability | The model of disability that continues to be systematically developed by The World Health Organization (WHO) considers the ongoing interaction between one's health and contextual factors. This model acknowledges that [[Disability, Rehabilitation, Socioeconomics and Health|disability]] is a universal human experience, is aetiologically neutral, and lies on a continuum from no disability to complete disability.<ref name=":0">Cieza A, Sabariego C, Bickenbach J, Chatterji S. [https://bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12916-017-1002-6 Rethinking disability]. BMC medicine. 2018 Dec;16(1):1-5.</ref> The contextual factors affecting a person's health include the real-life environment, social interactions, and social participation.<ref name=":0" /> Every healthcare professional needs to understand and appreciate that patients perceive their health through the lens of their daily life, which is impacted by the environment.<ref name=":0" /> This page introduces the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF) and reviews the changes and progress made in conceptualising and measuring disability. | ||
== International Classification of Impairment, Disability and Handicaps (ICIDH) == | == International Classification of Impairment, Disability and Handicaps (ICIDH) == | ||
International Classification of Impairment, Disability and Handicaps known as ICIDH, was published by the World Health Organization in 1980. It was a manual | [[File: Road Map.png|thumb|350x350px|Development of the ICF Model]]The International Classification of Impairment, Disability and Handicaps, known as ICIDH, was published by the World Health Organization in 1980. It was intended as a classification manual related to the consequences of disease, injuries, and other disorders and a framework for health-related information.<ref name=":2">Saleeby P. Introduction to the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF) Course. Plus2022. | ||
</ref> | </ref> | ||
According to the ICIDH manual, "an '''impairment''' is any loss or abnormality of a psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function". <ref name=":1" />Classification of ''impairments'' (I code) reflected: | According to the ICIDH manual, "an '''impairment''' is any loss or abnormality of a psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function".<ref name=":1" /> Classification of ''impairments'' (I code) reflected:<ref name=":1" /> | ||
* | * Abnormalities of body structure and appearance (temporary or permanent) | ||
* | * Disturbances at the level of the organ or system function resulting from any cause | ||
The following categories of impairments were listed in the manual: intellectual, other psychological, language, aural, ocular, visceral, skeletal, disfiguring, general, sensory and other.<ref name=":1" /> | The following categories of impairments were listed in the manual: intellectual, other psychological, language, aural, ocular, visceral, skeletal, disfiguring, general, sensory and other.<ref name=":1" /> | ||
A '''disability''' was considered "any restriction or lack (resulting from an impairment) of ability to perform an activity in the manner or within the range considered normal for a human being".<ref name=":1" />Classification of ''disabilities'' (D code) reflected: | A '''disability''' was considered "any restriction or lack (resulting from an impairment) of ability to perform an activity in the manner or within the range considered normal for a human being".<ref name=":1" /> Classification of ''disabilities'' (D code) reflected:<ref name=":1" /> | ||
* individual's functional performance | * An individual's functional performance and activity | ||
* | * Disturbances at the level of the person<ref name=":1" /> | ||
Nine categories of disability included: behaviour, communication, personal care, locomotor, body disposition, dexterity, | Nine categories of disability were included: behaviour, communication, personal care, locomotor, body disposition, dexterity, situational, particular skill, and other activity restrictions. | ||
'''Handicaps''' (H code) were defined as "the disadvantages experienced by the individual | '''Handicaps''' (H code) were defined as "the disadvantages experienced by the individual due to impairments and disabilities". These limit or prevent "the fulfilment of a role that is normal (depending on age, sex, and social and cultural factors) for that individual".<ref name=":1">World Health Organization. [https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/41003/9241541261_eng.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y International classification of impairments, disabilities, and handicaps: a manual of classification relating to the consequences of the disease, published in accordance with resolution WHA29]. 35 of the Twenty-ninth World Health Assembly, May 1976. World Health Organization; 1980.</ref> There were two dimensions of ''handicap'' listed in the manual: ''survival role'', with six key dimensions, and ''other''. The six major survival roles included orientation, physical independence, mobility, occupation, social integration, and economic self-sufficiency. | ||
Using the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) (discussed below) or different categories from the ICIDH classification had its purposes, and it was up to the user to decide which classifications were appropriate for each patient.<ref name=":3">Gray DB, Hendershot GE. [https://www.archives-pmr.org/article/S0003-9993(00)99115-9/fulltext The ICIDH-2: developments for a new era of outcomes research]. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2000 Dec;81(12 Suppl 2): S10-4.</ref> For example, ICD (disease or disorder) would be chosen to understand the cause of blindness when a person cannot see. Classification of impairment would facilitate the grouping of low vision impairments. Disability would help to plan this person's course of rehabilitation because it allowed the outcome or prognosis of a vision-related disability to be specified.<ref name=":3" /> | |||
=== ICIDH-2 === | === ICIDH-2 === | ||
ICIDH-2 | A newer version of the ICIDH, the ICIDH-2, was released as the alpha version in 1996, followed by beta one and beta two versions. The WHO tested these in 1997 and 1999. The biggest changes in ICIDH-2 compared to the original ICIDH included the addition of two new dimensions: participation in social activities and listing environmental factors, which is important for understanding the complexity of disability.<ref name=":3" /> This model allowed users to describe the consequences of the diagnosed condition.<ref name=":3" /> | ||
== WHO-FIC == | == WHO-FIC == | ||
ICD-11 and ICF constitute the core classifications of the WHO family of international classifications, otherwise known as WHO-FIC.<ref name=":2" /> | The ICD-11 and ICF constitute the core classifications of the WHO family of international classifications, otherwise known as WHO-FIC.<ref name=":2" /> | ||
=== International Classification of Disease (ICD-11) === | === International Classification of Disease (ICD-11) === | ||
The International Classification of Diseases (ICD) was first published in 1893. It belongs to the WHO family of classifications and is used to classify existing conditions (morbidity) and/or causes of death (mortality). The ICD is currently in its 11th revision and functions under the name of ICD-11 for Mortality and Morbidity Statistics (ICD-11-MMS).<ref name=":3" /> <ref name=":4">Harrison JE, Weber S, Jakob R, Chute CG. [https://bmcmedinformdecismak.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12911-021-01534-6 ICD-11: | The International Classification of Diseases (ICD) was first published in 1893. It belongs to the WHO family of classifications and is used to classify existing conditions (morbidity) and/or causes of death (mortality). The ICD is currently in its 11th revision and functions under the name of ICD-11 for Mortality and Morbidity Statistics (ICD-11-MMS).<ref name=":3" /> <ref name=":4">Harrison JE, Weber S, Jakob R, Chute CG. [https://bmcmedinformdecismak.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12911-021-01534-6 ICD-11: international classification of diseases for the twenty-first century]. BMC Med Inform Decis Mak. 2021 Nov 9;21(Suppl 6):206.</ref> ICD-11 framework consists of three parts: Foundation (database), Classifications (attained from Foundation), and Biomedical Ontology (linked to Foundation). Biomedical ontology represents the most relevant knowledge of a disease that should be incorporated into the coding system. For example, when various manifestations of the [[Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19)|COVID-19]] disease were discovered after the release of ICD-11, they were able to be incorporated as new dimensions of the ICD-11 model.<ref name=":4" /> | ||
[[File:Version of the ICF.jpeg|thumb]] | |||
=== International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF) === | === International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF) === | ||
In 2001, the fifty-fourth World Assembly officially approved the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) as a replacement for the International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities and Handicaps (ICIDH).<ref name=":5"> | In 2001, the fifty-fourth World Assembly officially approved the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) as a replacement for the International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities and Handicaps (ICIDH).<ref name=":5">Leonardi M, Lee H, Kostanjsek N, Fornari A, Raggi A, Martinuzzi A, Yáñez M, Almborg AH, Fresk M, Besstrashnova Y, Shoshmin A, Castro SS, Cordeiro ES, Cuenot M, Haas C, Maart S, Maribo T, Miller J, Mukaino M, Snyman S, Trinks U, Anttila H, Paltamaa J, Saleeby P, Frattura L, Madden R, Sykes C, Gool CHV, Hrkal J, Zvolský M, Sládková P, Vikdal M, Harðardóttir GA, Foubert J, Jakob R, Coenen M, Kraus de Camargo O. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9517056/pdf/ijerph-19-11321.pdf 20 Years of ICF-International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health: Uses and Applications around the World.] Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022 Sep 8;19(18):11321. </ref> The ICF is a classification of health and health-related domains.<ref name=":2" /> It focuses on human functioning, from "proper function" to "major disability", in relation to a person’s activities and participation, which are influenced by environmental factors, health conditions, and personal factors.<ref name=":5" /> | ||
The unique features of the ICF : | The unique features of the ICF: | ||
* | * Includes social and environmental aspects of disability and health<ref name=":2" /> | ||
* | * Allows for the identification of factors at both individual and system levels<ref name=":2" /> | ||
* | * Provides a framework for mental and physical disorders<ref name=":2" /> | ||
* | * Allows for organisation and communication of information on human functioning<ref name=":2" /> | ||
* | * Facilitates interdisciplinary and inter-professional practice by providing specificity and a common language in functioning and disability<ref name=":6">Madden RH, Bundy A. The ICF has made a difference in functioning and disability measurement and statistics. Disability and rehabilitation. 2019 Jun 5;41(12):1450-62.</ref> | ||
* | * Allows for an interactive relationship between health conditions, impairments, functional limitation/activity restrictions and environmental and personal factors<ref name=":7">Sagahutu JB, Kagwiza J, Cilliers F, Jelsma J. [https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0226247 The impact of a training programme incorporating the conceptual framework of the International Classification of Functioning (ICF) on behaviour regarding interprofessional practice in Rwandan health professionals: A cluster randomized control trial]. PloS one. 2020 Feb 7;15(2):e0226247.</ref> | ||
* | ** In this model, the relationship is not linear, but one component influences and is influenced by other factors <ref name=":7" /> | ||
* Data collection allows the user to determine the associations and causal links between different components<ref name=":2" /> | |||
==== ICF and Rehabilitation ==== | ==== ICF and Rehabilitation ==== | ||
The role of the ICF in rehabilitation is evolving. The following are | The role of the ICF in rehabilitation is evolving. The following are the current and potential implications of the ICF for rehabilitation: | ||
* | * Concept of functioning and disability finds support in the assessment and documentation | ||
* | * Improvement in understanding by rehabilitation professionals of all the domains of participation and how the environment influences participation | ||
* | * There is also an improved understanding of when to include these domains when planning rehabilitation and anticipating outcomes | ||
* | * There has been progress in enhancing universality and standardisation of functions, disabilities, and health<ref name=":5" /> | ||
* | * A focus on removing environmental barriers when rehabilitation services are planned<ref name=":6" /> | ||
* | * Researchers’ and professionals’ reasoning has evolved when considering statistics and information related to function, disability, and health<ref name=":5" /> | ||
* Introduction of a holistic approach to the management of patients<ref name=":7" /> | |||
Limitations of the ICF classification in rehabilitation: | Limitations of the ICF classification in rehabilitation: | ||
* | * Limited applications by healthcare professionals, especially those outside of the rehabilitation team<ref name=":7" /> | ||
* | * Limited training of an interprofessional team to adopt the ICF in daily practice<ref name=":7" /> | ||
* | * Limited use of the ICF in the rehabilitation setting by vocational rehabilitation counsellors<ref name=":5" /><ref>Southwick JD, Grizzell ST. [https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0034355220910782 Utilizing the ICF to enable evidence-based practice among vocational rehabilitation counsellors]. Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin. 2020 Oct;64(1):17-30.</ref> | ||
=== Key Components of the ICF Model === | === Key Components of the ICF Model === | ||
The key components of the ICF model include health conditions | The key components of the ICF model include health conditions or disorders/diseases, body function and structure, activities and participation, environmental factors, and personal factors.<ref name=":2" /> Due to cultural variability, personal factors are not included in the ICF classification. However, they are recognised as being essential for understanding functioning and disability.<ref name=":2" /> | ||
The following definitions of the ICF components are provided in the manual:<ref name=":8" /> | The following definitions of the ICF components are provided in the manual:<ref name=":8" /> | ||
'''Body | '''Body Functions and Structures''': | ||
* Body Functions: "the physiological functions of body systems (including psychological functions)"<ref name=":8">Towards a Common Language for Functioning, Disability and Health. ICF. Available from https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/classification/icf/icfbeginnersguide.pdf?sfvrsn=eead63d3_4&download=true [last accessed 19.06.2022].</ref> | * Body Functions: "the physiological functions of body systems (including psychological functions)"<ref name=":8">Towards a Common Language for Functioning, Disability and Health. ICF. Available from https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/classification/icf/icfbeginnersguide.pdf?sfvrsn=eead63d3_4&download=true [last accessed 19.06.2022].</ref> | ||
* Body Structures: "anatomical parts of the body such as organs, limbs and their components"<ref name=":8" /> | * Body Structures: "anatomical parts of the body such as organs, limbs and their components"<ref name=":8" /> | ||
'''Impairments: | ''' Impairments:''' "problems in body function or structure". Includes a significant deviation or loss.<ref name=":8" /> | ||
'''Activity: | ''' Activity:''' "execution of a task or action by an individual"<ref name=":8" /> | ||
'''Participation''': "involvement in a life situation"<ref name=":8" /> | '''Participation''': "involvement in a life situation"<ref name=":8" /> | ||
| Line 86: | Line 89: | ||
'''Activity Limitations''': "difficulties an individual may have in executing activities"<ref name=":8" /> | '''Activity Limitations''': "difficulties an individual may have in executing activities"<ref name=":8" /> | ||
'''Participation Restrictions''': "problems an individual may experience in involvement in life situations." <ref name=":8" />This may result from either impairments, activities or the environment.<ref name=":2" /> | ''' Participation Restrictions''': "problems an individual may experience in involvement in life situations."<ref name=":8" /> This may result from either impairments, activities or the environment.<ref name=":2" /> | ||
'''Environmental Factors''': "physical, social and attitudinal environment in which people live and conduct their lives"<ref name=":8" />Environmental factors can be considered a barrier or | '''Environmental Factors''': "physical, social and attitudinal environment in which people live and conduct their lives"<ref name=":8" /> Environmental factors can be considered a barrier or facilitation in terms of how they affect one's functioning.<ref name=":2" /> | ||
'''Personal | '''Personal Factors''' are not classified within the ICF but are recognised as a key to understanding functioning and disability. The following are examples of personal factors: age, gender, race, fitness, lifestyle, habits, upbringing, coping style, social background, education, character style, and important life events.<ref name=":9">Viljoen M, Mahdi S, Griessel D, Bolte S, de Vries PJ. [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/332821555_Parentcaregiver_perspectives_of_functioning_in_autism_spectrum_disorders_A_comparative_study_in_Sweden_and_South_Africa Parent/caregiver perspectives of functioning in autism spectrum disorders: A comparative study in Sweden and South Africa]. Autism 2019; 23(1).</ref> | ||
=== ICF | === ICF Chapters === | ||
The first level of each of the core components consists of chapters. Each chapter's role is to provide an overview of the area of functioning. <ref name=":9" />Next, chapters are classified into three levels | The first level of each of the core components of the ICF consists of chapters. Each chapter's role is to provide an overview of the area of functioning.<ref name=":9" /> Next, chapters are classified into three levels that further describe the functioning area.<ref name=":9" /> | ||
Table 1 shows the key components of the ICF and its chapters: | Table 1 shows the key components of the ICF and its chapters: | ||
[[File:ICF list of chapters.png|center| | [[File:ICF list of chapters.png|center|817x817px|Table 1. The key components of the ICF Model and its chapters|alt=|frameless]]Table 1. The key components of the ICF Model and its chapters. | ||
== Clinical Application of the ICF Model in Acute Care == | |||
In acute care, physiotherapists and occupational therapists often work on the same task to facilitate a patient's return to previous functions. These functions can be social, family or work-related. The ICF chapters on activities and participation can help clinicians explain to the patient, family, and insurance company the difference between the activities provided by the physiotherapist and occupational therapist.<ref>Schwab SM, Zeleznik AJ. Using the Language of the ICF to Distinguish Physical Therapy and Occupational Therapy Services in the Acute Care Setting. JACPT 2020;11(1). </ref> | |||
'''Example:''' A patient is a young mother whose family role is caring for a 5-month-old child. She must be able to carry her child as she descends the stairs. A physiotherapist will work on improving the patient's safety and endurance when walking on the stairs while carrying an object (mobility). The occupational therapist will have the patient complete the same task to prepare this patient for family demands (major life areas). | |||
== Final Introductory Thoughts on the ICF == | |||
The ICF “is the conceptual basis for the definition, measurement and policy formulations for health and disability. It is a universal classification of disability and health for use in health and health-related sectors.”<ref name=":8" /> | |||
It is a valuable tool in research into disability in all the dimensions, including “impairments at the body and body part level, person level activity limitations, and societal level restrictions of participation” <ref name=":8" /> | |||
It is useful for healthcare professionals in helping to identify healthcare and rehabilitation needs and identifying and measuring the effect of the physical (built) and social environment on a person’s life. <ref name=":8" /> | |||
== Resources == | == Resources == | ||
*[https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/41003/9241541261_eng.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y International classification of impairments, disabilities, and handicaps: a manual of classification relating to the consequences of the disease, published in accordance with resolution WHA29.35 of the Twenty-ninth World Health Assembly, May 1976] | *[https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/41003/9241541261_eng.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y International classification of impairments, disabilities, and handicaps: a manual of classification relating to the consequences of the disease, published in accordance with resolution WHA29.35 of the Twenty-ninth World Health Assembly, May 1976] | ||
*[https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/classification/icf/icfbeginnersguide.pdf?sfvrsn=eead63d3_4&download=true Towards a Common Language for Functioning, Disability and Health. ICF] | *[https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/classification/icf/icfbeginnersguide.pdf?sfvrsn=eead63d3_4&download=true Towards a Common Language for Functioning, Disability and Health. ICF] | ||
== References == | == References == | ||
| Line 108: | Line 122: | ||
[[Category:Course Pages]] | [[Category:Course Pages]] | ||
[[Category:ReLAB-HS Course Page]] | [[Category:ReLAB-HS Course Page]] | ||
[[Category:Assessment]] | |||
Latest revision as of 01:18, 15 November 2023
Original Editor - Ewa Jaraczewska based on the course by Patricia Saleeby
Top Contributors - Ewa Jaraczewska, Jess Bell, Kim Jackson, Tarina van der Stockt and Robin Tacchetti
Introduction[edit | edit source]
The model of disability that continues to be systematically developed by The World Health Organization (WHO) considers the ongoing interaction between one's health and contextual factors. This model acknowledges that disability is a universal human experience, is aetiologically neutral, and lies on a continuum from no disability to complete disability.[1] The contextual factors affecting a person's health include the real-life environment, social interactions, and social participation.[1] Every healthcare professional needs to understand and appreciate that patients perceive their health through the lens of their daily life, which is impacted by the environment.[1] This page introduces the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF) and reviews the changes and progress made in conceptualising and measuring disability.
International Classification of Impairment, Disability and Handicaps (ICIDH)[edit | edit source]
The International Classification of Impairment, Disability and Handicaps, known as ICIDH, was published by the World Health Organization in 1980. It was intended as a classification manual related to the consequences of disease, injuries, and other disorders and a framework for health-related information.[2]
According to the ICIDH manual, "an impairment is any loss or abnormality of a psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function".[3] Classification of impairments (I code) reflected:[3]
- Abnormalities of body structure and appearance (temporary or permanent)
- Disturbances at the level of the organ or system function resulting from any cause
The following categories of impairments were listed in the manual: intellectual, other psychological, language, aural, ocular, visceral, skeletal, disfiguring, general, sensory and other.[3]
A disability was considered "any restriction or lack (resulting from an impairment) of ability to perform an activity in the manner or within the range considered normal for a human being".[3] Classification of disabilities (D code) reflected:[3]
- An individual's functional performance and activity
- Disturbances at the level of the person[3]
Nine categories of disability were included: behaviour, communication, personal care, locomotor, body disposition, dexterity, situational, particular skill, and other activity restrictions.
Handicaps (H code) were defined as "the disadvantages experienced by the individual due to impairments and disabilities". These limit or prevent "the fulfilment of a role that is normal (depending on age, sex, and social and cultural factors) for that individual".[3] There were two dimensions of handicap listed in the manual: survival role, with six key dimensions, and other. The six major survival roles included orientation, physical independence, mobility, occupation, social integration, and economic self-sufficiency.
Using the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) (discussed below) or different categories from the ICIDH classification had its purposes, and it was up to the user to decide which classifications were appropriate for each patient.[4] For example, ICD (disease or disorder) would be chosen to understand the cause of blindness when a person cannot see. Classification of impairment would facilitate the grouping of low vision impairments. Disability would help to plan this person's course of rehabilitation because it allowed the outcome or prognosis of a vision-related disability to be specified.[4]
ICIDH-2[edit | edit source]
A newer version of the ICIDH, the ICIDH-2, was released as the alpha version in 1996, followed by beta one and beta two versions. The WHO tested these in 1997 and 1999. The biggest changes in ICIDH-2 compared to the original ICIDH included the addition of two new dimensions: participation in social activities and listing environmental factors, which is important for understanding the complexity of disability.[4] This model allowed users to describe the consequences of the diagnosed condition.[4]
WHO-FIC[edit | edit source]
The ICD-11 and ICF constitute the core classifications of the WHO family of international classifications, otherwise known as WHO-FIC.[2]
International Classification of Disease (ICD-11)[edit | edit source]
The International Classification of Diseases (ICD) was first published in 1893. It belongs to the WHO family of classifications and is used to classify existing conditions (morbidity) and/or causes of death (mortality). The ICD is currently in its 11th revision and functions under the name of ICD-11 for Mortality and Morbidity Statistics (ICD-11-MMS).[4] [5] ICD-11 framework consists of three parts: Foundation (database), Classifications (attained from Foundation), and Biomedical Ontology (linked to Foundation). Biomedical ontology represents the most relevant knowledge of a disease that should be incorporated into the coding system. For example, when various manifestations of the COVID-19 disease were discovered after the release of ICD-11, they were able to be incorporated as new dimensions of the ICD-11 model.[5]
International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF)[edit | edit source]
In 2001, the fifty-fourth World Assembly officially approved the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) as a replacement for the International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities and Handicaps (ICIDH).[6] The ICF is a classification of health and health-related domains.[2] It focuses on human functioning, from "proper function" to "major disability", in relation to a person’s activities and participation, which are influenced by environmental factors, health conditions, and personal factors.[6]
The unique features of the ICF:
- Includes social and environmental aspects of disability and health[2]
- Allows for the identification of factors at both individual and system levels[2]
- Provides a framework for mental and physical disorders[2]
- Allows for organisation and communication of information on human functioning[2]
- Facilitates interdisciplinary and inter-professional practice by providing specificity and a common language in functioning and disability[7]
- Allows for an interactive relationship between health conditions, impairments, functional limitation/activity restrictions and environmental and personal factors[8]
- In this model, the relationship is not linear, but one component influences and is influenced by other factors [8]
- Data collection allows the user to determine the associations and causal links between different components[2]
ICF and Rehabilitation[edit | edit source]
The role of the ICF in rehabilitation is evolving. The following are the current and potential implications of the ICF for rehabilitation:
- Concept of functioning and disability finds support in the assessment and documentation
- Improvement in understanding by rehabilitation professionals of all the domains of participation and how the environment influences participation
- There is also an improved understanding of when to include these domains when planning rehabilitation and anticipating outcomes
- There has been progress in enhancing universality and standardisation of functions, disabilities, and health[6]
- A focus on removing environmental barriers when rehabilitation services are planned[7]
- Researchers’ and professionals’ reasoning has evolved when considering statistics and information related to function, disability, and health[6]
- Introduction of a holistic approach to the management of patients[8]
Limitations of the ICF classification in rehabilitation:
- Limited applications by healthcare professionals, especially those outside of the rehabilitation team[8]
- Limited training of an interprofessional team to adopt the ICF in daily practice[8]
- Limited use of the ICF in the rehabilitation setting by vocational rehabilitation counsellors[6][9]
Key Components of the ICF Model[edit | edit source]
The key components of the ICF model include health conditions or disorders/diseases, body function and structure, activities and participation, environmental factors, and personal factors.[2] Due to cultural variability, personal factors are not included in the ICF classification. However, they are recognised as being essential for understanding functioning and disability.[2]
The following definitions of the ICF components are provided in the manual:[10]
Body Functions and Structures:
- Body Functions: "the physiological functions of body systems (including psychological functions)"[10]
- Body Structures: "anatomical parts of the body such as organs, limbs and their components"[10]
Impairments: "problems in body function or structure". Includes a significant deviation or loss.[10]
Activity: "execution of a task or action by an individual"[10]
Participation: "involvement in a life situation"[10]
Activity Limitations: "difficulties an individual may have in executing activities"[10]
Participation Restrictions: "problems an individual may experience in involvement in life situations."[10] This may result from either impairments, activities or the environment.[2]
Environmental Factors: "physical, social and attitudinal environment in which people live and conduct their lives"[10] Environmental factors can be considered a barrier or facilitation in terms of how they affect one's functioning.[2]
Personal Factors are not classified within the ICF but are recognised as a key to understanding functioning and disability. The following are examples of personal factors: age, gender, race, fitness, lifestyle, habits, upbringing, coping style, social background, education, character style, and important life events.[11]
ICF Chapters[edit | edit source]
The first level of each of the core components of the ICF consists of chapters. Each chapter's role is to provide an overview of the area of functioning.[11] Next, chapters are classified into three levels that further describe the functioning area.[11]
Table 1 shows the key components of the ICF and its chapters:
Table 1. The key components of the ICF Model and its chapters.
Clinical Application of the ICF Model in Acute Care[edit | edit source]
In acute care, physiotherapists and occupational therapists often work on the same task to facilitate a patient's return to previous functions. These functions can be social, family or work-related. The ICF chapters on activities and participation can help clinicians explain to the patient, family, and insurance company the difference between the activities provided by the physiotherapist and occupational therapist.[12]
Example: A patient is a young mother whose family role is caring for a 5-month-old child. She must be able to carry her child as she descends the stairs. A physiotherapist will work on improving the patient's safety and endurance when walking on the stairs while carrying an object (mobility). The occupational therapist will have the patient complete the same task to prepare this patient for family demands (major life areas).
Final Introductory Thoughts on the ICF[edit | edit source]
The ICF “is the conceptual basis for the definition, measurement and policy formulations for health and disability. It is a universal classification of disability and health for use in health and health-related sectors.”[10]
It is a valuable tool in research into disability in all the dimensions, including “impairments at the body and body part level, person level activity limitations, and societal level restrictions of participation” [10]
It is useful for healthcare professionals in helping to identify healthcare and rehabilitation needs and identifying and measuring the effect of the physical (built) and social environment on a person’s life. [10]
Resources[edit | edit source]
- International classification of impairments, disabilities, and handicaps: a manual of classification relating to the consequences of the disease, published in accordance with resolution WHA29.35 of the Twenty-ninth World Health Assembly, May 1976
- Towards a Common Language for Functioning, Disability and Health. ICF
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Cieza A, Sabariego C, Bickenbach J, Chatterji S. Rethinking disability. BMC medicine. 2018 Dec;16(1):1-5.
- ↑ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 2.11 Saleeby P. Introduction to the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF) Course. Plus2022.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 World Health Organization. International classification of impairments, disabilities, and handicaps: a manual of classification relating to the consequences of the disease, published in accordance with resolution WHA29. 35 of the Twenty-ninth World Health Assembly, May 1976. World Health Organization; 1980.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 Gray DB, Hendershot GE. The ICIDH-2: developments for a new era of outcomes research. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2000 Dec;81(12 Suppl 2): S10-4.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Harrison JE, Weber S, Jakob R, Chute CG. ICD-11: international classification of diseases for the twenty-first century. BMC Med Inform Decis Mak. 2021 Nov 9;21(Suppl 6):206.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 Leonardi M, Lee H, Kostanjsek N, Fornari A, Raggi A, Martinuzzi A, Yáñez M, Almborg AH, Fresk M, Besstrashnova Y, Shoshmin A, Castro SS, Cordeiro ES, Cuenot M, Haas C, Maart S, Maribo T, Miller J, Mukaino M, Snyman S, Trinks U, Anttila H, Paltamaa J, Saleeby P, Frattura L, Madden R, Sykes C, Gool CHV, Hrkal J, Zvolský M, Sládková P, Vikdal M, Harðardóttir GA, Foubert J, Jakob R, Coenen M, Kraus de Camargo O. 20 Years of ICF-International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health: Uses and Applications around the World. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022 Sep 8;19(18):11321.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Madden RH, Bundy A. The ICF has made a difference in functioning and disability measurement and statistics. Disability and rehabilitation. 2019 Jun 5;41(12):1450-62.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 Sagahutu JB, Kagwiza J, Cilliers F, Jelsma J. The impact of a training programme incorporating the conceptual framework of the International Classification of Functioning (ICF) on behaviour regarding interprofessional practice in Rwandan health professionals: A cluster randomized control trial. PloS one. 2020 Feb 7;15(2):e0226247.
- ↑ Southwick JD, Grizzell ST. Utilizing the ICF to enable evidence-based practice among vocational rehabilitation counsellors. Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin. 2020 Oct;64(1):17-30.
- ↑ 10.00 10.01 10.02 10.03 10.04 10.05 10.06 10.07 10.08 10.09 10.10 10.11 Towards a Common Language for Functioning, Disability and Health. ICF. Available from https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/classification/icf/icfbeginnersguide.pdf?sfvrsn=eead63d3_4&download=true [last accessed 19.06.2022].
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Viljoen M, Mahdi S, Griessel D, Bolte S, de Vries PJ. Parent/caregiver perspectives of functioning in autism spectrum disorders: A comparative study in Sweden and South Africa. Autism 2019; 23(1).
- ↑ Schwab SM, Zeleznik AJ. Using the Language of the ICF to Distinguish Physical Therapy and Occupational Therapy Services in the Acute Care Setting. JACPT 2020;11(1).
