Introduction to Affirming Care for Gender and Sexual Minorities: Difference between revisions
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== Introduction == | == Introduction == | ||
In health care | In the health care environments, LGBTQ+ adolescents and adults experience marginalisation, stigma and normative pressure resulting in their poor health and social outcomes. <ref name=":0">Wahlen R, Bize R, Wang J, Merglen A, Ambresin AE. [https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0234743 Medical students’ knowledge of and attitudes towards LGBT people and their health care needs: Impact of a lecture on LGBT health.] PloS one. 2020 Jul 1;15(7):e0234743.</ref><ref name=":1">Elliott MN, Kanouse DE, Burkhart Q, Abel GA, Lyratzopoulos G, Beckett MK, Schuster MA, Roland M. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4284269/ Sexual minorities in England have poorer health and worse health care experiences: a national survey.] J Gen Intern Med. 2015 Jan;30(1):9-16. </ref>This may be due to health care providers' lack of training and sensitivity to the health needs of LGBTQ+ people. <ref name=":0" /> Healthcare workers report being uncomfortable communicating with sexual and gender minority (SGMs) patients.<ref>Hinchliff S, Gott M, Galena E. 'I daresay I might find it embarrassing': general practitioners' perspectives on discussing sexual health issues with lesbian and gay patients. Health Soc Care Community. 2005 Jul;13(4):345-53. </ref> Additionally chronic stress related to marginalisation and discrimination contributes to the health care disparities among the SGMs group. <ref>Hughes TL, Jackman K, Dorsen C, Arslanian-Engoren C, Ghazal L, Christenberry-Deceased T, Coleman C, Mackin M, Moore SE, Mukerjee R, Sherman A, Smith S, Walker R. How can the nursing profession help reduce sexual and gender minority-related health disparities: Recommendations from the national nursing LGBTQ health summit. Nurs Outlook. 2022 Apr 13:S0029-6554(22)00013-6.</ref> They not only suffer poorer health but also worse healthcare experiences.<ref name=":1" />Yet, their health care needs are well documented, as various reports indicate high rates of substance abuse, depression, suicide, and cardiovascular disease. <ref name=":1" /> | ||
Gender and sexual minorities live in every part of the world and comprise | Gender and sexual minorities live in every part of the world and comprise all races and/or ethnicities, religions, and social classes. They require access to healthcare to meet their medical needs. At the same time, healthcare organisations must ensure that their environment is inclusive for LGBTQ+ patients by educating staff on cultural awareness and nondiscrimination policies.<ref>Goldhammer H, Maston ED, Kissock LA, Davis JA, Keuroghlian AS. National findings from an LGBT healthcare organizational needs assessment. LGBT health. 2018 Dec 1;5(8):461-8.</ref> | ||
== Gender-Neutral Language == | == Gender-Neutral Language == | ||
To ensure that the cultural responsiveness in understanding the needs of LGBTQ+ is well present, there is a | To ensure that the cultural responsiveness in understanding the needs of LGBTQ+ is well present, there is a worldwide movement towards the development of a more inclusive language. LGBTQ+ activists and linguists are working on creating entirely new non-binary terms and on changing already existing words and grammar constructions.<ref name=":2">A guide to how gender-neutral language is developing around the world. Available from https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2019/12/15/guide-how-gender-neutral-language-is-developing-around-world/ [last access 6.6.2022]</ref>The following are examples of gender-neutral language changes that were introduced to English and other world languages: | ||
* English: there was no distinction between genders except for singular pronoun, which can be masculine or feminine. In 2019 “they” was added as the pronoun to use for a “single person whose gender identity is non-binary.”<ref name=":2" /> | * English: there was no distinction between genders except for singular pronoun, which can be masculine or feminine. In 2019 “they” was added as the pronoun to use for a “single person whose gender identity is non-binary.”<ref name=":2" /> | ||
* Spanish: all nouns | * Spanish: all nouns have feminine and masculine cases. In daily conversations, the masculine “o” or the feminine “a” is now replaced with the gender-neutral “e” in certain words. <ref name=":2" /> | ||
* Arabic: each verb, noun and adjective has always assigned either a male or female case. Public awareness of gender-neutral language remains extremely low in Arabic-speaking countries, and there is low social tolerance of this language.<ref name=":2" /> | * Arabic: each verb, noun and adjective has always assigned either a male or female case. Public awareness of gender-neutral language remains extremely low in Arabic-speaking countries, and there is low social tolerance of this language.<ref name=":2" /> | ||
* Hebrew: gender is assigned to verbs, nouns, and adjectives based on the noun. In gender-neutral language there is a default to a feminine plural or a “mixed” gender is used , sometimes male and sometimes female for the same person.<ref name=":2" /> | * Hebrew: gender is assigned to verbs, nouns, and adjectives based on the noun. In gender-neutral language, there is a default to a feminine plural or a “mixed” gender is used, sometimes male and sometimes female for the same person.<ref name=":2" /> | ||
* German: includes male, female and neutral grammatical genders, signified by the suffixes “r” or “rn” for men , and “in” or “innen” for women. In gender-neutral language, the uppercase "I" in compound nouns is used | * German: includes male, female and neutral grammatical genders, signified by the suffixes “r” or “rn” for men, and “in” or “innen” for women. In gender-neutral language, the uppercase "I" in compound nouns is used to address both males and females at once. A "gender star" in form of an asterisk has also been added to include persons who do not consider themselves either."<ref name=":2" /> | ||
* French | * French uses male or female gender in all nouns referring to an individual. The first step in gender-neutral language was to use asterisks to combine case endings to create gender-neutral plural, for example, “ami•e•s” for friends. <ref name=":2" /> | ||
* Sweden: the word “hen” was added to the official dictionary, which | * Sweden: the word “hen” was added to the official dictionary, which indicates a gender-neutral pronoun as an alternative to the male pronoun “han” and female “hon".<ref name=":2" /> | ||
Learn more about gender-neutral language [https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2019/12/15/guide-how-gender-neutral-language-is-developing-around-world/ here]. | Learn more about gender-neutral language [https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2019/12/15/guide-how-gender-neutral-language-is-developing-around-world/ here]. | ||
| Line 33: | Line 33: | ||
Bisexual: | Bisexual: | ||
Transgender: | |||
Questioning: | Questioning: | ||
| Line 53: | Line 53: | ||
Additional acronyms | Additional acronyms | ||
TGNC: | TGNC: transgender nonconforming | ||
{#ev:youtube|v=ViDtnfQ9FHc|300}}<ref> | |||
National Association of Independent Schools (NAIS). Kimberlé Crenshaw: What is Intersectionality? 2018. Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ViDtnfQ9FHc[last accessed 6/6/2022]</ref> | |||
== Cultural Competency == | == Cultural Competency == | ||
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Introduction[edit | edit source]
In the health care environments, LGBTQ+ adolescents and adults experience marginalisation, stigma and normative pressure resulting in their poor health and social outcomes. [1][2]This may be due to health care providers' lack of training and sensitivity to the health needs of LGBTQ+ people. [1] Healthcare workers report being uncomfortable communicating with sexual and gender minority (SGMs) patients.[3] Additionally chronic stress related to marginalisation and discrimination contributes to the health care disparities among the SGMs group. [4] They not only suffer poorer health but also worse healthcare experiences.[2]Yet, their health care needs are well documented, as various reports indicate high rates of substance abuse, depression, suicide, and cardiovascular disease. [2]
Gender and sexual minorities live in every part of the world and comprise all races and/or ethnicities, religions, and social classes. They require access to healthcare to meet their medical needs. At the same time, healthcare organisations must ensure that their environment is inclusive for LGBTQ+ patients by educating staff on cultural awareness and nondiscrimination policies.[5]
Gender-Neutral Language[edit | edit source]
To ensure that the cultural responsiveness in understanding the needs of LGBTQ+ is well present, there is a worldwide movement towards the development of a more inclusive language. LGBTQ+ activists and linguists are working on creating entirely new non-binary terms and on changing already existing words and grammar constructions.[6]The following are examples of gender-neutral language changes that were introduced to English and other world languages:
- English: there was no distinction between genders except for singular pronoun, which can be masculine or feminine. In 2019 “they” was added as the pronoun to use for a “single person whose gender identity is non-binary.”[6]
- Spanish: all nouns have feminine and masculine cases. In daily conversations, the masculine “o” or the feminine “a” is now replaced with the gender-neutral “e” in certain words. [6]
- Arabic: each verb, noun and adjective has always assigned either a male or female case. Public awareness of gender-neutral language remains extremely low in Arabic-speaking countries, and there is low social tolerance of this language.[6]
- Hebrew: gender is assigned to verbs, nouns, and adjectives based on the noun. In gender-neutral language, there is a default to a feminine plural or a “mixed” gender is used, sometimes male and sometimes female for the same person.[6]
- German: includes male, female and neutral grammatical genders, signified by the suffixes “r” or “rn” for men, and “in” or “innen” for women. In gender-neutral language, the uppercase "I" in compound nouns is used to address both males and females at once. A "gender star" in form of an asterisk has also been added to include persons who do not consider themselves either."[6]
- French uses male or female gender in all nouns referring to an individual. The first step in gender-neutral language was to use asterisks to combine case endings to create gender-neutral plural, for example, “ami•e•s” for friends. [6]
- Sweden: the word “hen” was added to the official dictionary, which indicates a gender-neutral pronoun as an alternative to the male pronoun “han” and female “hon".[6]
Learn more about gender-neutral language here.
Gender and Sexual Minorities[edit | edit source]
LGBTQQIIP2SAA+ stands for lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, questioning, queer, intersex, intersectional, pansexual, two-spirit (2S), androgynous and asexual. This is the most completed to date acronym for gender and sexual minorities.[7]
Lesbian:
Gay:
Bisexual:
Transgender:
Questioning:
Queer:
Intersex: individuals who are born with components of traditionally male and female anatomy[7]
Intersectional:
Pansexual:
Two-spirit:
Androgynous:
Asexual:
Additional acronyms
TGNC: transgender nonconforming
{#ev:youtube|v=ViDtnfQ9FHc|300}}[8]
Cultural Competency[edit | edit source]
LGBTQIA+ Demographic[edit | edit source]
Resources[edit | edit source]
- bulleted list
- x
or
- numbered list
- x
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Wahlen R, Bize R, Wang J, Merglen A, Ambresin AE. Medical students’ knowledge of and attitudes towards LGBT people and their health care needs: Impact of a lecture on LGBT health. PloS one. 2020 Jul 1;15(7):e0234743.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Elliott MN, Kanouse DE, Burkhart Q, Abel GA, Lyratzopoulos G, Beckett MK, Schuster MA, Roland M. Sexual minorities in England have poorer health and worse health care experiences: a national survey. J Gen Intern Med. 2015 Jan;30(1):9-16.
- ↑ Hinchliff S, Gott M, Galena E. 'I daresay I might find it embarrassing': general practitioners' perspectives on discussing sexual health issues with lesbian and gay patients. Health Soc Care Community. 2005 Jul;13(4):345-53.
- ↑ Hughes TL, Jackman K, Dorsen C, Arslanian-Engoren C, Ghazal L, Christenberry-Deceased T, Coleman C, Mackin M, Moore SE, Mukerjee R, Sherman A, Smith S, Walker R. How can the nursing profession help reduce sexual and gender minority-related health disparities: Recommendations from the national nursing LGBTQ health summit. Nurs Outlook. 2022 Apr 13:S0029-6554(22)00013-6.
- ↑ Goldhammer H, Maston ED, Kissock LA, Davis JA, Keuroghlian AS. National findings from an LGBT healthcare organizational needs assessment. LGBT health. 2018 Dec 1;5(8):461-8.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 A guide to how gender-neutral language is developing around the world. Available from https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2019/12/15/guide-how-gender-neutral-language-is-developing-around-world/ [last access 6.6.2022]
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Durand B. LGBTQ and Transgender Informed Care - Introduction to Affirming Care for Gender and Sexual Minorities. Part 1 &2. Physioplus Course 2022
- ↑ National Association of Independent Schools (NAIS). Kimberlé Crenshaw: What is Intersectionality? 2018. Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ViDtnfQ9FHc[last accessed 6/6/2022]
- ↑ Stewart Maddux. Gen Silent, The LGBT Aging Documentary: Official Trailer. 2009. Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fV3O8qz6Y5g [last accessed 6/6/2022]
