Effects of Ageing on Bone

Original Editor Oyemi Sillo

Lead Editors  

Aging

Aging refers to the physiological changes that occur in the human body from the attainment of adulthood, and ending in death. These changes involve a decline of biological functions, and are accompanied by psychological, behavioural, and other changes. Some of these changes are quite obvious, while others are subtle.

The Aging Bone

Bones undergo a lifelong process of remodeling – mature bone tissue is removed and new bone tissue is formed. Bone remodeling is a highly regulated process that maintains a balance between bone resorption and formation, thus maintaining skeletal integrity.

This balance changes with increasing age, resulting in loss of bone tissue. The aging bone has reduced mineral content, and is prone to osteoporosis – a condition in which bones are less dense, more fragile, and prone to fractures.

Effects of Changes in Aging Bone

• Osteoporosis is a common problem among older people, especially post-menopausal women, and is a major cause of hip fractures in the elderly.
• Reduced bone density of the vertebrae, combined with the loss of fluid in intervertebral discs, result in a curved and shortened trunk.
• This reduced bone density, and resulting poor posture, leads to pain, reduced mobility, and other musculoskeletal problems.

Prevention

Exercise is important for preserving bone density, however care must be taken to avoid high-impact exercises and exercises that present the risk of falling. Useful exercises include:

• Weight-bearing exercises e.g. walking
• Strengthening exercises using free weights, elastic bands
• Balance exercises e.g. tai chi

A healthy diet, including adequate dosage of Vitamin D and Calcium, is also useful for preserving bone mass.

Recent Related Research (from Pubmed)

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