Diabetes Mellitus Type 2: Difference between revisions
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== Prevalence == | == Prevalence == | ||
When diabetes strikes during childhood, it is routinely assumed to be type 1, or juvenile-onset diabetes. However, in the last 2 decades, type 2 diabetes has been reported among U.S. children and adolescents with increasing frequency.[4] The true prevalence is difficult to quantify because of the significant difference in occurrence with age, race, and, to a lesser degree, sex.[5] | When diabetes strikes during childhood, it is routinely assumed to be type 1, or juvenile-onset diabetes. However, in the last 2 decades, type 2 diabetes has been reported among U.S. children and adolescents with increasing frequency.[4] The true prevalence is difficult to quantify because of the significant difference in occurrence with age, race, and, to a lesser degree, sex.[5] | ||
<br>• Ages 20 years or older: 11.3 percent, of all people in this age group <br>• Ages 65 years or older: 26.9 percent, of all people in this age group <br>• Men 13: 11.8 percent, of all men ages 20 years or older <br>• Women : 10.8 percent, of all women ages 20 years or older <br>• Non-Hispanic whites: 10.2 percent, of all non-Hispanic whites ages 20 years or older<br>• Non-Hispanic blacks: 18.7 percent, of all non-Hispanic blacks ages 20 years or older<br> | <br>• Ages 20 years or older: 11.3 percent, of all people in this age group <br>• Ages 65 years or older: 26.9 percent, of all people in this age group <br>• Men 13: 11.8 percent, of all men ages 20 years or older <br>• Women : 10.8 percent, of all women ages 20 years or older <br>• Non-Hispanic whites: 10.2 percent, of all non-Hispanic whites ages 20 years or older<br>• Non-Hispanic blacks: 18.7 percent, of all non-Hispanic blacks ages 20 years or older<br> | ||
There does appear to be a correlation with type 2 diabetes and socioeconomic status, where the more deprived an area’s population is, the higher the incidence of type 2 diabetes is seen.[3]<br> | There does appear to be a correlation with type 2 diabetes and socioeconomic status, where the more deprived an area’s population is, the higher the incidence of type 2 diabetes is seen.[3]<br> | ||
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== Characteristics/Clinical Presentation<br> == | |||
One of the problems with type 2 diabetes is that in the early stages it may not have any symptoms at all; in many cases it can be present for years before the affected person even knows they have the disorder. When symptoms do start to develop, they may include[1][2]: | |||
<br>•'''Increased thirst and frequent urination'''. As excess sugar builds up in your bloodstream, fluid is pulled from the tissues. This may leave you thirsty. As a result, you may drink and urinate more than usual. | |||
<br>• '''Increased hunger'''. Without enough insulin to move sugar into your cells, your muscles and organs become depleted of energy. This can lead to increased hunger. | |||
<br>• '''Weight loss'''. Despite eating more than usual to relieve hunger, you may lose weight. Without the ability to metabolize glucose, the body uses alternative fuels stored in muscle and fat. Calories are lost as excess glucose is released in the urine. | |||
<br>• '''Fatigue'''. If your cells are deprived of sugar, you may become tired and irritable. | |||
<br>•'''Blurred vision'''. If your blood sugar is too high, fluid may be pulled from the lenses of your eyes. This may affect your ability to focus clearly. | |||
<br>• '''Slow-healing sores or frequent infections'''. Type 2 diabetes affects your ability to heal and resist infections. Bladder and kidney infections are not uncommon in patients who have type 2 diabetes. | |||
<br>• '''Areas of darkened skin'''. Some people with type 2 diabetes have patches of dark, velvety skin in the folds and creases of their bodies — usually in the armpits. This condition, called acanthosis nigricans, may be a sign of insulin resistance. | |||
<br>• '''Erectile dysfunction'''. Due to nerve and blood vessel damage often associated with type 2 diabetes, erectile dysfunction is seen in more, and younger, men than those without the disorder. | |||
<br>• '''Pain or numbness in the feet or hands'''. Also a result of diminished blood flow, many patients with diabetes will experience either pain or the loss of sensation altogether in their distal extremities. <br> | |||
Revision as of 21:21, 2 April 2012
Original Editors - Kara Casey & Josh Rose from Bellarmine University's Pathophysiology of Complex Patient Problems project.
Lead Editors - Your name will be added here if you are a lead editor on this page. Read more.
Definition/Description[edit | edit source]
Diabetes is caused by a problem in the way your body makes or uses insulin. Insulin is needed to move blood sugar (glucose) into cells, where it is stored and later used for energy.[1] Type 2 diabetes, previously called adult onset or non-insulin dependant diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), is a chronic condition that affects how the body metabolizes glucose.[2] When you have type 2 diabetes, your fat, liver, and muscle cells do not respond correctly to insulin. This is called insulin resistance. As a result, blood sugar does not get into these cells to be stored for energy and builds up in the bloodstream; this is known as hyperglycemia.[1]
Prevalence[edit | edit source]
When diabetes strikes during childhood, it is routinely assumed to be type 1, or juvenile-onset diabetes. However, in the last 2 decades, type 2 diabetes has been reported among U.S. children and adolescents with increasing frequency.[4] The true prevalence is difficult to quantify because of the significant difference in occurrence with age, race, and, to a lesser degree, sex.[5]
• Ages 20 years or older: 11.3 percent, of all people in this age group
• Ages 65 years or older: 26.9 percent, of all people in this age group
• Men 13: 11.8 percent, of all men ages 20 years or older
• Women : 10.8 percent, of all women ages 20 years or older
• Non-Hispanic whites: 10.2 percent, of all non-Hispanic whites ages 20 years or older
• Non-Hispanic blacks: 18.7 percent, of all non-Hispanic blacks ages 20 years or older
There does appear to be a correlation with type 2 diabetes and socioeconomic status, where the more deprived an area’s population is, the higher the incidence of type 2 diabetes is seen.[3]
Characteristics/Clinical Presentation
[edit | edit source]
One of the problems with type 2 diabetes is that in the early stages it may not have any symptoms at all; in many cases it can be present for years before the affected person even knows they have the disorder. When symptoms do start to develop, they may include[1][2]:
•Increased thirst and frequent urination. As excess sugar builds up in your bloodstream, fluid is pulled from the tissues. This may leave you thirsty. As a result, you may drink and urinate more than usual.
• Increased hunger. Without enough insulin to move sugar into your cells, your muscles and organs become depleted of energy. This can lead to increased hunger.
• Weight loss. Despite eating more than usual to relieve hunger, you may lose weight. Without the ability to metabolize glucose, the body uses alternative fuels stored in muscle and fat. Calories are lost as excess glucose is released in the urine.
• Fatigue. If your cells are deprived of sugar, you may become tired and irritable.
•Blurred vision. If your blood sugar is too high, fluid may be pulled from the lenses of your eyes. This may affect your ability to focus clearly.
• Slow-healing sores or frequent infections. Type 2 diabetes affects your ability to heal and resist infections. Bladder and kidney infections are not uncommon in patients who have type 2 diabetes.
• Areas of darkened skin. Some people with type 2 diabetes have patches of dark, velvety skin in the folds and creases of their bodies — usually in the armpits. This condition, called acanthosis nigricans, may be a sign of insulin resistance.
• Erectile dysfunction. Due to nerve and blood vessel damage often associated with type 2 diabetes, erectile dysfunction is seen in more, and younger, men than those without the disorder.
• Pain or numbness in the feet or hands. Also a result of diminished blood flow, many patients with diabetes will experience either pain or the loss of sensation altogether in their distal extremities.
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