Adolescent Back Pain: Difference between revisions

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Epidemiology  
Epidemiology  


<br>There has been a high prevalence of low back pain (LBP) in adolescents demonstrated in a number of epidemiological studies <ref name="Pellise et al">Pellisé F, Balagué F, Rajmil L, Cedraschi C, Aguirre M, Fontecha C et al. Prevalence of Low Back Pain and Its Effect on Health-Related Quality of Life in Adolescents. Archives of Pediatrics &amp; Adolescent Medicine. 2009;163(1):65.</ref>. Estimates of the prevalence of back pain in children adolescents vary greatly, ranging from 30%-70% <ref name="Balague et al">Balagué F, Troussier B, Salminen J. Non-specific low back pain in children and adolescents: risk factors. European Spine Journal. 1999;8(6):429-438.</ref><ref name="Wedderkopp et al">Wedderkopp N, Leboeuf-Yde C, Andersen L, Froberg K, Hansen H. Back Pain Reporting Pattern in a Danish Population-Based Sample of Children and Adolescents. Spine. 2001;26(17):1879-1883.</ref>.&nbsp;The study by Jeffries et al (2007) found a life time prevalence ranging from 4.7% to 74.4% for spinal or back pain and 7% to 72% for LBP<ref name="Jeffries et al" />. These ranges depend on the age of the participants and the methodological differences, in particular the definition of back pain used<ref name="Jones and Macfarlane" />. <br>This level of prevalence raises concerns due to the link between LBP in adolescents and chronic LBP in adulthood<ref name="Hestbaek et al">Hestbaek L, Leboeuf-Yde C, Kyvik K, Manniche C. The Course of Low Back Pain From Adolescence to Adulthood. Spine. 2006;31(4):468-472.</ref>. A history of symptoms has been found to be the strongest predictor of future LBP<ref name="Papageorgiou et al">Papageorgiou A, Croft P, Thomas E, Ferry S, Jayson M, Silman A. Influence of previous pain experience on the episode incidence of low back pain: results from the South Manchester Back Pain Study. Pain. 1996;66(2-3):181-185.</ref>&nbsp;and an early onset in life linked to chronicity<ref name="Brattberg">Brattberg G. The incidence of back pain and headache among Swedish school children. Qual Life Res. 1994;3(S1):S27-S31.</ref><ref name="Harreby et al" />. It has been found that the occurrence of back pain in adolescents increases with age, in particular in the years of early teens<ref name="Jeffries et al" />.<br>Growth and development of males and females is remarkably similar up to approximately the age of 10<ref name="Brundtland et al">Brundtland G, Liestol K, Walloe L. Height and weight of school children and adolescent girls and boys in Oslo 1970. Acta Paediatrica. 1975;64(4):565-573.</ref>. Above the age of 10, as a result of puberty, the growth patterns of males and females deviate considerably<ref name="Brundtland et al" />. By at least the age of 18 or 19 years, puberty is considered to have ceased<ref name="Jeffries et al" />. With the potential influence of puberty related growth on the incidence of adolescent back pain <ref name="Feldman">Feldman D. Risk Factors for the Development of Low Back Pain in Adolescence. American Journal of Epidemiology. 2001;154(1):30-36.</ref>&nbsp;it is imperative that the range of pubertal ages are taken into consideration in epidemiological studies<ref name="Jeffries et al" />.  
<br>There has been a high prevalence of low back pain (LBP) in adolescents demonstrated in a number of epidemiological studies <ref name="Pellise et al">Pellisé F, Balagué F, Rajmil L, Cedraschi C, Aguirre M, Fontecha C et al. Prevalence of Low Back Pain and Its Effect on Health-Related Quality of Life in Adolescents. Archives of Pediatrics &amp;amp; Adolescent Medicine. 2009;163(1):65.</ref>. Estimates of the prevalence of back pain in children adolescents vary greatly, ranging from 30%-70% <ref name="Balague et al">Balagué F, Troussier B, Salminen J. Non-specific low back pain in children and adolescents: risk factors. European Spine Journal. 1999;8(6):429-438.</ref><ref name="Wedderkopp et al">Wedderkopp N, Leboeuf-Yde C, Andersen L, Froberg K, Hansen H. Back Pain Reporting Pattern in a Danish Population-Based Sample of Children and Adolescents. Spine. 2001;26(17):1879-1883.</ref>.&nbsp;The study by Jeffries et al (2007) found a life time prevalence ranging from 4.7% to 74.4% for spinal or back pain and 7% to 72% for LBP<ref name="Jeffries et al" />. These ranges depend on the age of the participants and the methodological differences, in particular the definition of back pain used<ref name="Jones and Macfarlane" />. <br>This level of prevalence raises concerns due to the link between LBP in adolescents and chronic LBP in adulthood<ref name="Hestbaek et al">Hestbaek L, Leboeuf-Yde C, Kyvik K, Manniche C. The Course of Low Back Pain From Adolescence to Adulthood. Spine. 2006;31(4):468-472.</ref>. A history of symptoms has been found to be the strongest predictor of future LBP<ref name="Papageorgiou et al">Papageorgiou A, Croft P, Thomas E, Ferry S, Jayson M, Silman A. Influence of previous pain experience on the episode incidence of low back pain: results from the South Manchester Back Pain Study. Pain. 1996;66(2-3):181-185.</ref>&nbsp;and an early onset in life linked to chronicity<ref name="Brattberg">Brattberg G. The incidence of back pain and headache among Swedish school children. Qual Life Res. 1994;3(S1):S27-S31.</ref><ref name="Harreby et al" />. It has been found that the occurrence of back pain in adolescents increases with age, in particular in the years of early teens<ref name="Jeffries et al" />.<br>Growth and development of males and females is remarkably similar up to approximately the age of 10<ref name="Brundtland et al">Brundtland G, Liestol K, Walloe L. Height and weight of school children and adolescent girls and boys in Oslo 1970. Acta Paediatrica. 1975;64(4):565-573.</ref>. Above the age of 10, as a result of puberty, the growth patterns of males and females deviate considerably<ref name="Brundtland et al" />. By at least the age of 18 or 19 years, puberty is considered to have ceased<ref name="Jeffries et al" />. With the potential influence of puberty related growth on the incidence of adolescent back pain <ref name="Feldman">Feldman D. Risk Factors for the Development of Low Back Pain in Adolescence. American Journal of Epidemiology. 2001;154(1):30-36.</ref>&nbsp;it is imperative that the range of pubertal ages are taken into consideration in epidemiological studies<ref name="Jeffries et al" />.  
 
Aetiology
 
[[Image:Aetiology_table.jpg]]
 
 
 
 


References  
References  

Revision as of 22:23, 12 January 2015

Introduction

The World Health Organization describes adolescence as “young people between the ages of 10 and 19 years”[1]. This definition is further divided into early adolescence (10-14 years old) to late adolescence (15-19 years old) by the United Nations Population Fund [2]. Adolescent back pain has been reported to be as common as that of adult populations [3][4][5] and has been attributed to a number of factors such as gender [6], age [7], sitting for long periods [8], working at computers [9], school seating [10] and psychological factors [11].


Epidemiology


There has been a high prevalence of low back pain (LBP) in adolescents demonstrated in a number of epidemiological studies [12]. Estimates of the prevalence of back pain in children adolescents vary greatly, ranging from 30%-70% [13][14]. The study by Jeffries et al (2007) found a life time prevalence ranging from 4.7% to 74.4% for spinal or back pain and 7% to 72% for LBP[7]. These ranges depend on the age of the participants and the methodological differences, in particular the definition of back pain used[3].
This level of prevalence raises concerns due to the link between LBP in adolescents and chronic LBP in adulthood[15]. A history of symptoms has been found to be the strongest predictor of future LBP[16] and an early onset in life linked to chronicity[17][5]. It has been found that the occurrence of back pain in adolescents increases with age, in particular in the years of early teens[7].
Growth and development of males and females is remarkably similar up to approximately the age of 10[18]. Above the age of 10, as a result of puberty, the growth patterns of males and females deviate considerably[18]. By at least the age of 18 or 19 years, puberty is considered to have ceased[7]. With the potential influence of puberty related growth on the incidence of adolescent back pain [19] it is imperative that the range of pubertal ages are taken into consideration in epidemiological studies[7].

Aetiology

Aetiology table.jpg



References

  1. ↑ Who.int. WHO | Adolescent health [Internet]. 2015 [cited 9 January 2015]. Available from: http://www.who.int/topics/adolescent_health/en/
  2. ↑ Unfpa.org. UNFPA - United Nations Population Fund | State of World Population 2003 [Internet]. 2003 [cited 12 January 2015]. Available from: http://www.unfpa.org/publications/state-world-population-2003
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Jones G, Macfarlane G. Epidemiology of low back pain in children and adolescents. Archives of Disease in Childhood. 2005;90(3):312-316.
  4. ↑ Burton A, Clarke R, McClune T, Tillotson K. The Natural History of Low Back Pain in Adolescents. Spine. 1996;21(20):2323-2328.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Harreby M, Neergaard K, Hesselsôe G, Kjer J. Are Radiologic Changes in the Thoracic and Lumbar Spine of Adolescents Risk Factors for Low Back Pain in Adults?. Spine. 1995;20(21):2298-2302.
  6. ↑ Grimmer K, Nyland L, Milanese S. Longitudinal investigation of low back pain in Australian adolescents: a five-year study. Physiother Res Int. 2006;11(3):161-172.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 Jeffries L, Milanese S, Grimmer-Somers K. Epidemiology of Adolescent Spinal Pain. Spine. 2007;32(23):2630-2637.
  8. ↑ Grimmer K, Williams M. Gender-age environmental associates of adolescent low back pain. Applied Ergonomics. 2000;31(4):343-360.
  9. ↑ Hakala P, Rimpela A, Saarni L, Salminen J. Frequent computer-related activities increase the risk of neck-shoulder and low back pain in adolescents. The European Journal of Public Health. 2005;16(5):536-541.
  10. ↑ Troussiere B, Tesniere C, Fauconnier J, Grison J, Juvin R, Phelip X. Comparative study of two different kinds of school furniture among children. Ergonomics. 1999;42(3):516-526.
  11. ↑ Astfalck R, O'Sullivan P, Straker L, Smith A. A detailed characterisation of pain, disability, physical and psychological features of a small group of adolescents with non-specific chronic low back pain. Manual Therapy. 2010;15(3):240-247.
  12. ↑ Pellisé F, Balagué F, Rajmil L, Cedraschi C, Aguirre M, Fontecha C et al. Prevalence of Low Back Pain and Its Effect on Health-Related Quality of Life in Adolescents. Archives of Pediatrics &amp; Adolescent Medicine. 2009;163(1):65.
  13. ↑ Balagué F, Troussier B, Salminen J. Non-specific low back pain in children and adolescents: risk factors. European Spine Journal. 1999;8(6):429-438.
  14. ↑ Wedderkopp N, Leboeuf-Yde C, Andersen L, Froberg K, Hansen H. Back Pain Reporting Pattern in a Danish Population-Based Sample of Children and Adolescents. Spine. 2001;26(17):1879-1883.
  15. ↑ Hestbaek L, Leboeuf-Yde C, Kyvik K, Manniche C. The Course of Low Back Pain From Adolescence to Adulthood. Spine. 2006;31(4):468-472.
  16. ↑ Papageorgiou A, Croft P, Thomas E, Ferry S, Jayson M, Silman A. Influence of previous pain experience on the episode incidence of low back pain: results from the South Manchester Back Pain Study. Pain. 1996;66(2-3):181-185.
  17. ↑ Brattberg G. The incidence of back pain and headache among Swedish school children. Qual Life Res. 1994;3(S1):S27-S31.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Brundtland G, Liestol K, Walloe L. Height and weight of school children and adolescent girls and boys in Oslo 1970. Acta Paediatrica. 1975;64(4):565-573.
  19. ↑ Feldman D. Risk Factors for the Development of Low Back Pain in Adolescence. American Journal of Epidemiology. 2001;154(1):30-36.




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