Adolescent Back Pain: Difference between revisions

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Introduction<br>  
Introduction<br>  


The World Health Organization describes adolescence as “young people between the ages of 10 and 19 years”<ref name="WHO">Who.int. WHO | Adolescent health [Internet]. 2015 [cited 9 January 2015]. Available from: http://www.who.int/topics/adolescent_health/en/</ref>. This definition is further divided into early adolescence (10-14 years old) to late adolescence (15-19 years old) by the United Nations Population Fund <ref name="United Nations">Unfpa.org. UNFPA - United Nations Population Fund  | State of World Population 2003 [Internet]. 2003 [cited 12 January 2015]. Available from: http://www.unfpa.org/publications/state-world-population-2003</ref>. Adolescent back pain has been reported to be as common as that of adult populations <ref name="Jones and Macfarlane">Jones G, Macfarlane G. Epidemiology of low back pain in children and adolescents. Archives of Disease in Childhood. 2005;90(3):312-316.</ref>&nbsp;<ref name="Burton et al">Burton A, Clarke R, McClune T, Tillotson K. The Natural History of Low Back Pain in Adolescents. Spine. 1996;21(20):2323-2328.</ref>&nbsp;<ref name="Harreby et al">Harreby M, Neergaard K, Hesselsôe G, Kjer J. Are Radiologic Changes in the Thoracic and Lumbar Spine of Adolescents Risk Factors for Low Back Pain in Adults?. Spine. 1995;20(21):2298-2302.</ref>&nbsp;and has been attributed to a number of factors such as gender&nbsp;<ref name="Grimmer, Nyland, Milanese">Grimmer K, Nyland L, Milanese S. Longitudinal investigation of low back pain in Australian adolescents: a five-year study. Physiother Res Int. 2006;11(3):161-172.</ref>,&nbsp;age <ref name="Jeffries et al">Jeffries L, Milanese S, Grimmer-Somers K. Epidemiology of Adolescent Spinal Pain. Spine. 2007;32(23):2630-2637.</ref>,&nbsp;sitting for long periods <ref name="Grimmer and Williams">Grimmer K, Williams M. Gender-age environmental associates of adolescent low back pain. Applied Ergonomics. 2000;31(4):343-360.</ref>, working at computers <ref name="Hakala et al">Hakala P, Rimpela A, Saarni L, Salminen J. Frequent computer-related activities increase the risk of neck-shoulder and low back pain in adolescents. The European Journal of Public Health. 2005;16(5):536-541.</ref>, school seating <ref name="Troussiere et al">Troussiere B, Tesniere C, Fauconnier J, Grison J, Juvin R, Phelip X. Comparative study of two different kinds of school furniture among children. Ergonomics. 1999;42(3):516-526.</ref>&nbsp;and psychological factors <ref name="Astfalck et al">Astfalck R, O'Sullivan P, Straker L, Smith A. A detailed characterisation of pain, disability, physical and psychological features of a small group of adolescents with non-specific chronic low back pain. Manual Therapy. 2010;15(3):240-247.</ref>.  
The World Health Organization describes adolescence as “young people between the ages of 10 and 19 years”<ref name="WHO">Who.int. WHO | Adolescent health [Internet]. 2015 [cited 9 January 2015]. Available from: http://www.who.int/topics/adolescent_health/en/</ref>. This definition is further divided into early adolescence (10-14 years old) to late adolescence (15-19 years old) by the United Nations Population Fund <ref name="United Nations">Unfpa.org. UNFPA - United Nations Population Fund  | State of World Population 2003 [Internet]. 2003 [cited 12 January 2015]. Available from: http://www.unfpa.org/publications/state-world-population-2003</ref>. Adolescent back pain has been reported to be as common as that of adult populations <ref name="Jones and Macfarlane">Jones G, Macfarlane G. Epidemiology of low back pain in children and adolescents. Archives of Disease in Childhood. 2005;90(3):312-316.</ref><ref name="Burton et al">Burton A, Clarke R, McClune T, Tillotson K. The Natural History of Low Back Pain in Adolescents. Spine. 1996;21(20):2323-2328.</ref><ref name="Harreby et al">Harreby M, Neergaard K, Hesselsôe G, Kjer J. Are Radiologic Changes in the Thoracic and Lumbar Spine of Adolescents Risk Factors for Low Back Pain in Adults?. Spine. 1995;20(21):2298-2302.</ref>&nbsp;and has been attributed to a number of factors such as gender&nbsp;<ref name="Grimmer, Nyland, Milanese">Grimmer K, Nyland L, Milanese S. Longitudinal investigation of low back pain in Australian adolescents: a five-year study. Physiother Res Int. 2006;11(3):161-172.</ref>,&nbsp;age <ref name="Jeffries et al">Jeffries L, Milanese S, Grimmer-Somers K. Epidemiology of Adolescent Spinal Pain. Spine. 2007;32(23):2630-2637.</ref>,&nbsp;sitting for long periods <ref name="Grimmer and Williams">Grimmer K, Williams M. Gender-age environmental associates of adolescent low back pain. Applied Ergonomics. 2000;31(4):343-360.</ref>, working at computers <ref name="Hakala et al">Hakala P, Rimpela A, Saarni L, Salminen J. Frequent computer-related activities increase the risk of neck-shoulder and low back pain in adolescents. The European Journal of Public Health. 2005;16(5):536-541.</ref>, school seating <ref name="Troussiere et al">Troussiere B, Tesniere C, Fauconnier J, Grison J, Juvin R, Phelip X. Comparative study of two different kinds of school furniture among children. Ergonomics. 1999;42(3):516-526.</ref>&nbsp;and psychological factors <ref name="Astfalck et al">Astfalck R, O'Sullivan P, Straker L, Smith A. A detailed characterisation of pain, disability, physical and psychological features of a small group of adolescents with non-specific chronic low back pain. Manual Therapy. 2010;15(3):240-247.</ref>.  


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Epidemiology  
Epidemiology  


<br>There has been a high prevalence of low back pain (LBP) in adolescents demonstrated in a number of epidemiological studies (Pellisé, Balagué, Rajmil et al, 2009). Estimates of the prevalence of back pain in children adolescents vary greatly, ranging from 30%-70% (Balagué, Troussier and Salminen, 1999; Wedderkopp, Leboeuf-Yde, Andersen et al, 2001) The study by Jeffries et al (2007) found a life time prevalence ranging from 4.7% to 74.4% for spinal or back pain and 7% to 72% for LBP. These ranges depend on the age of the participants and the methodological differences, in particular the definition of back pain used (Jones and Macfarlane, 2005). <br>This level of prevalence raises concerns due to the link between LBP in adolescents and chronic LBP in adulthood (Hestbaek, Leboeuf-Yde, Kyvik et al, 2006). A history of symptoms has been found to be the strongest predictor of future LBP (Papageorgiu, Croft, Thomas et al, 1996) and an early onset in life linked to chronicity (Brattberg, 1994; Harreby et al, 1995). It has been found that the occurrence of back pain in adolescents increases with age, in particular in the years of early teens (Jeffries et al, 2007).<br>Growth and development of males and females is remarkably similar up to approximately the age of 10 (Brundtland, Liestol and Wallace, 1975). Above the age of 10, as a result of puberty, the growth patterns of males and females deviate considerably (66). By at least the age of 18 or 19 years, puberty is considered to have ceased (Jeffries et al, 2007). With the potential influence of puberty related growth on the incidence of adolescent back pain (Feldman, 2001) it is imperative that the range of pubertal ages are taken into consideration in epidemiological studies (Jeffries et al, 2007).  
<br>There has been a high prevalence of low back pain (LBP) in adolescents demonstrated in a number of epidemiological studies <ref name="Pellise et al">Pellisé F, Balagué F, Rajmil L, Cedraschi C, Aguirre M, Fontecha C et al. Prevalence of Low Back Pain and Its Effect on Health-Related Quality of Life in Adolescents. Archives of Pediatrics &amp; Adolescent Medicine. 2009;163(1):65.</ref>. Estimates of the prevalence of back pain in children adolescents vary greatly, ranging from 30%-70% <ref name="Balague et al">Balagué F, Troussier B, Salminen J. Non-specific low back pain in children and adolescents: risk factors. European Spine Journal. 1999;8(6):429-438.</ref><ref name="Wedderkopp et al">Wedderkopp N, Leboeuf-Yde C, Andersen L, Froberg K, Hansen H. Back Pain Reporting Pattern in a Danish Population-Based Sample of Children and Adolescents. Spine. 2001;26(17):1879-1883.</ref>.&nbsp;The study by Jeffries et al (2007) found a life time prevalence ranging from 4.7% to 74.4% for spinal or back pain and 7% to 72% for LBP<ref name="Jeffries et al" />. These ranges depend on the age of the participants and the methodological differences, in particular the definition of back pain used<ref name="Jones and Macfarlane" />. <br>This level of prevalence raises concerns due to the link between LBP in adolescents and chronic LBP in adulthood<ref name="Hestbaek et al">Hestbaek L, Leboeuf-Yde C, Kyvik K, Manniche C. The Course of Low Back Pain From Adolescence to Adulthood. Spine. 2006;31(4):468-472.</ref>. A history of symptoms has been found to be the strongest predictor of future LBP<ref name="Papageorgiou et al">Papageorgiou A, Croft P, Thomas E, Ferry S, Jayson M, Silman A. Influence of previous pain experience on the episode incidence of low back pain: results from the South Manchester Back Pain Study. Pain. 1996;66(2-3):181-185.</ref>&nbsp;and an early onset in life linked to chronicity<ref name="Brattberg">Brattberg G. The incidence of back pain and headache among Swedish school children. Qual Life Res. 1994;3(S1):S27-S31.</ref><ref name="Harreby et al" />. It has been found that the occurrence of back pain in adolescents increases with age, in particular in the years of early teens<ref name="Jeffries et al" />.<br>Growth and development of males and females is remarkably similar up to approximately the age of 10<ref name="Brundtland et al">Brundtland G, Liestol K, Walloe L. Height and weight of school children and adolescent girls and boys in Oslo 1970. Acta Paediatrica. 1975;64(4):565-573.</ref>. Above the age of 10, as a result of puberty, the growth patterns of males and females deviate considerably<ref name="Brundtland et al" />. By at least the age of 18 or 19 years, puberty is considered to have ceased<ref name="Jeffries et al" />. With the potential influence of puberty related growth on the incidence of adolescent back pain <ref name="Feldman">Feldman D. Risk Factors for the Development of Low Back Pain in Adolescence. American Journal of Epidemiology. 2001;154(1):30-36.</ref>&nbsp;it is imperative that the range of pubertal ages are taken into consideration in epidemiological studies<ref name="Jeffries et al" />.  


References  
References  

Revision as of 22:06, 12 January 2015

Introduction

The World Health Organization describes adolescence as “young people between the ages of 10 and 19 years”[1]. This definition is further divided into early adolescence (10-14 years old) to late adolescence (15-19 years old) by the United Nations Population Fund [2]. Adolescent back pain has been reported to be as common as that of adult populations [3][4][5] and has been attributed to a number of factors such as gender [6], age [7], sitting for long periods [8], working at computers [9], school seating [10] and psychological factors [11].


Epidemiology


There has been a high prevalence of low back pain (LBP) in adolescents demonstrated in a number of epidemiological studies [12]. Estimates of the prevalence of back pain in children adolescents vary greatly, ranging from 30%-70% [13][14]. The study by Jeffries et al (2007) found a life time prevalence ranging from 4.7% to 74.4% for spinal or back pain and 7% to 72% for LBP[7]. These ranges depend on the age of the participants and the methodological differences, in particular the definition of back pain used[3].
This level of prevalence raises concerns due to the link between LBP in adolescents and chronic LBP in adulthood[15]. A history of symptoms has been found to be the strongest predictor of future LBP[16] and an early onset in life linked to chronicity[17][5]. It has been found that the occurrence of back pain in adolescents increases with age, in particular in the years of early teens[7].
Growth and development of males and females is remarkably similar up to approximately the age of 10[18]. Above the age of 10, as a result of puberty, the growth patterns of males and females deviate considerably[18]. By at least the age of 18 or 19 years, puberty is considered to have ceased[7]. With the potential influence of puberty related growth on the incidence of adolescent back pain [19] it is imperative that the range of pubertal ages are taken into consideration in epidemiological studies[7].

References

  1. ↑ Who.int. WHO | Adolescent health [Internet]. 2015 [cited 9 January 2015]. Available from: http://www.who.int/topics/adolescent_health/en/
  2. ↑ Unfpa.org. UNFPA - United Nations Population Fund | State of World Population 2003 [Internet]. 2003 [cited 12 January 2015]. Available from: http://www.unfpa.org/publications/state-world-population-2003
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Jones G, Macfarlane G. Epidemiology of low back pain in children and adolescents. Archives of Disease in Childhood. 2005;90(3):312-316.
  4. ↑ Burton A, Clarke R, McClune T, Tillotson K. The Natural History of Low Back Pain in Adolescents. Spine. 1996;21(20):2323-2328.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Harreby M, Neergaard K, Hesselsôe G, Kjer J. Are Radiologic Changes in the Thoracic and Lumbar Spine of Adolescents Risk Factors for Low Back Pain in Adults?. Spine. 1995;20(21):2298-2302.
  6. ↑ Grimmer K, Nyland L, Milanese S. Longitudinal investigation of low back pain in Australian adolescents: a five-year study. Physiother Res Int. 2006;11(3):161-172.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 Jeffries L, Milanese S, Grimmer-Somers K. Epidemiology of Adolescent Spinal Pain. Spine. 2007;32(23):2630-2637.
  8. ↑ Grimmer K, Williams M. Gender-age environmental associates of adolescent low back pain. Applied Ergonomics. 2000;31(4):343-360.
  9. ↑ Hakala P, Rimpela A, Saarni L, Salminen J. Frequent computer-related activities increase the risk of neck-shoulder and low back pain in adolescents. The European Journal of Public Health. 2005;16(5):536-541.
  10. ↑ Troussiere B, Tesniere C, Fauconnier J, Grison J, Juvin R, Phelip X. Comparative study of two different kinds of school furniture among children. Ergonomics. 1999;42(3):516-526.
  11. ↑ Astfalck R, O'Sullivan P, Straker L, Smith A. A detailed characterisation of pain, disability, physical and psychological features of a small group of adolescents with non-specific chronic low back pain. Manual Therapy. 2010;15(3):240-247.
  12. ↑ Pellisé F, Balagué F, Rajmil L, Cedraschi C, Aguirre M, Fontecha C et al. Prevalence of Low Back Pain and Its Effect on Health-Related Quality of Life in Adolescents. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine. 2009;163(1):65.
  13. ↑ Balagué F, Troussier B, Salminen J. Non-specific low back pain in children and adolescents: risk factors. European Spine Journal. 1999;8(6):429-438.
  14. ↑ Wedderkopp N, Leboeuf-Yde C, Andersen L, Froberg K, Hansen H. Back Pain Reporting Pattern in a Danish Population-Based Sample of Children and Adolescents. Spine. 2001;26(17):1879-1883.
  15. ↑ Hestbaek L, Leboeuf-Yde C, Kyvik K, Manniche C. The Course of Low Back Pain From Adolescence to Adulthood. Spine. 2006;31(4):468-472.
  16. ↑ Papageorgiou A, Croft P, Thomas E, Ferry S, Jayson M, Silman A. Influence of previous pain experience on the episode incidence of low back pain: results from the South Manchester Back Pain Study. Pain. 1996;66(2-3):181-185.
  17. ↑ Brattberg G. The incidence of back pain and headache among Swedish school children. Qual Life Res. 1994;3(S1):S27-S31.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Brundtland G, Liestol K, Walloe L. Height and weight of school children and adolescent girls and boys in Oslo 1970. Acta Paediatrica. 1975;64(4):565-573.
  19. ↑ Feldman D. Risk Factors for the Development of Low Back Pain in Adolescence. American Journal of Epidemiology. 2001;154(1):30-36.




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