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When refering to evidence in academic writing, you should always try to reference the primary (original) source. That is usually the journal article where the information was first stated. In most cases Physiopedia articles are a secondary source and so should not be used as references. Physiopedia articles are best used to find the original sources of information (see the references list at the bottom of the article).
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| Level |
Type of evidence |
| 1a |
Systematic reviews of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) |
| 1b |
Individual RCTs with narrow confidence interval |
| 2a |
Systematic reviews of cohort studies |
| 2b |
Individual cohort studies and low-quality RCTs |
| 3a |
Systematic reviews of case-control studies |
| 3b |
Case-controlled studies |
| 4 | Case series and poor-quality cohort and case-control studies |
| 5 | Expert opinion |
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