Motor Control and Learning
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Introduction[edit | edit source]
According Roller et al (2012) in Contemporary Issues and Theories of Motor Control, Motor Learning, and Neuroplasticity, the production and control of human movement is a process that varies from a simple reflex loop to a complex network of neural patterns that communicate throughout the Central Nervous System (CNS) and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS). [1] New motor patterns are learned through movement, interactions with rich sensory environments, and challenging experiences that challenge a person to solve problems he/her encounters
Motor Control[edit | edit source]
Definition[edit | edit source]
"The process of initiating, directing, and grading purposeful voluntary movement". [2] In reality, the process of controlling movement begins before the plan is executed and ends after the muscles have contracted.
Theories of Motor Control [edit | edit source]
The organization and production of movement is a complex problem, so the study of motor control has been approached from a wide range of disciplines, including psychology, cognitive science, biomechanics and neuroscience. The control of human movement has been described in many different ways with many different models of Motor Control put forward throughout the 19th & 20th Centuries. Motor Control Theories include the production of reflexive, automatic, adaptive, and voluntary movements and the performance of efficient, coordinated, goal-directed movement patterns which involve multiple body systems (input, output, and central processing) and multiple levels within the nervous system. Within the field of Neurology, many textbooks and researcher recommend adoption of a systems model of Motor Control incorporating neurophysiology, biomechanics and motor learning principles which also considers learning solutions based on the interaction between the patient, the task and the environment. As a therapist, it is these key areas that we need to be aware of when planning our interventions. As therapists, we can change the environment, or the task in such a way as to enable our patients to achieve their goals. [3] [1]
MOTOR CONTROL THEORIES | AUTHOR | DATE | PREMISE | CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS |
Reflex Theory | Sherrington | 1906 |
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Dynamical Systems Theory |
Bernstein Turvey Kelso & Tuller Thelen |
1967 1977 1984 1987 |
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Hierarchical Theories | Adams | 1971 |
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Motor Program Theory | Schmidt | 1976 |
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Ecological Theories | Gibson & Pick | 2000 |
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Systems Model | Shumway-Cook | 2007 |
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Motor Learning[edit | edit source]
Definition[edit | edit source]
1. " The process of acquiring a skill by which the learner, through practice and assimilation, refines and makes automatic the desired movement".
2. "An internal neurologic process that results in the ability to produce a new motor task". [2]
Theories of Motor Learning [edit | edit source]
Motor learning is a “set of internal processes associated with practice or experience leading to relatively permanent changes in the capability for skilled behavior.” In other words, motor learning is when complex processes in the brain occur in response to practice or experience of a certain skill resulting in changes in the central nervous system that allow for the production of a new motor skill. It often involves improving the smoothness and accuracy of movements and is obviously necessary for developing c; but it is also important for calibrating simple movements like reflexes, as parameters of the body and environment change over time. Motor learning research often considers variables that contribute to motor program formation (i.e., underlying skilled motor behaviour), the sensitivity of error-detection processes, and strength of movement schemas. There are many different theories of Motor Learning. [3] [1]
MOTOR LEARNING THEORY | AUTHOR | DATE | PREMISE | CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS |
Adams Closed Loop Theory | Adams | 1971 |
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Schmidt's Schema Theory | Schmidt | 1975 |
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Ecological Theory | Newell | 1991 |
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Stages of Motor Learning[edit | edit source]
Stages of Learning | Characteristics | Attention Demands | Activities | Description |
Cognitive |
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Practise sessions are:
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Early Cognitive; Essential Elements were not observed or not present |
Late Cognitive; Essential elements are starting to appear | ||||
Associative |
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Early Associative; Essential elements appear, but not with consistency. |
Late Associative; Essential elements appear regulalry at a satisfactory level. | ||||
Autonomous |
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Early Autonomous; Essential elements appear frequently avove required level. |
Late Autonomous; Essential elements appear continuously at a superior level. |
Resources [edit | edit source]
Presentations [edit | edit source]
- Essential Concepts of Motor Control & Learning: Presentation by DM McKeough.
Podcasts[edit | edit source]
- Motor Learning Strategies Applied to Neurorehabilitation. Dr. Joe Hidler, CEO of Aretech and inventor of the ZeroG Gait and Balance Training System discusses the research he and colleagues have done which has served as the catalyst as to why ZeroG was developed.
- Making Sense of Sensory and Motor Control of Human Movement. Dr. Kristen Pickett is an Assistant Professor in the Occupational Therapy Program within the Department of Kinesiology at the University of Wisconsin, Madison. She received her Masters in Kinesiology and her PhD in Kinesiology, Biomechanics, and Neural Control from the University of Minnesota, Twin Cities.
[4] | [5] |
[6] | [7] |
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Roller L et al, Contemporary Issues and Theories of Motor Control, Motor Learning, and Neuroplasticity. In: Neurological Rehabilitation 6th Edition. Mosby, 2012. p69 - 105.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Medical Dictionary for the Health Professions and Nursing. (2012). Retrieved March 11 2016 from http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/motor+learning
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Bate P, Motor Control. In: Sheila Lennon & Maria Stokes. Pocketbook of Neurological Physiotherapy. Churchill Livingstone, 2008. p31 - 40.
- ↑ Dr, Richard Keegan. Lecture 1 Classifying Skills and Abilities. Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wlvh8mxxsr4 [last accessed 01/03/16]
- ↑ Dr, Richard Keegan. Lecture 2 Conceptualising Motor Learning. Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NOthWZhdXVE [last accessed 01/03/16]
- ↑ Dr, Richard Keegan. Lecture 3 Models of Motor Learning Stages. Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i8xeLsfigGs [last accessed 01/03/16]
- ↑ Dr, Richard Keegan. Lecture 4 Structuring the Learning Experience. Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8OvZpBdyPFo [last accessed 01/03/16]