| MOTOR CONTROL THEORY
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AUTHOR
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DATE
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PREMISE
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CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS
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| Reflex Theory
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Sherrington
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1906
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- Movement is controlled by stimulus-response.
- Reflexes are combined into actions that create behavior.
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- Use sensory input to control motor output
- Stimulate good reflexes
- Inhibit undesirable (primitive) reflexes
- Rely heavily on Feedback
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| Dynamical Systems Theory
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Bernstein
Turvey
Kelso & Tuller
Thelen
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1967
1977
1984
1987
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- Movement emerges to control degrees of freedom.
- Patterns of movements self-organize within the characteristics of environmental conditions and the existing body systems of the individual.
- Functional synergies are developed naturally through practice and experience and help solve the problem of coordinating multiple muscles and joint movements at once.
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- Movement is an emergent property from the interaction of multiple elements.
- Understand the physical & dynamic properties of the body - i.e. Velocity- important for dynamics of movement. May be good to encourage faster movement in patients to produce momentum and therefore help weak patients move with greater ease.
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| Hierarchical Theories
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Adams
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1971
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- Cortical centers control movement in a top-down manner throughout the nervous system.
- Closed-loop mode: Sensory feedback is needed and used to control the movement.
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- Identify & prevent primitive reflexes
- Reduce hyperactive stretch
- Normalize tone
- Facilitate “normal” movement patterns
- Developmental Sequence
- Recapitulation
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| Motor Program Theory
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Schmidt
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1976
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- Adaptive, exible motor programs (MPs) and generalized motor programs (GMPs) exist to control actions that have common characteristics.
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- Abnormal Movement - Not just reflexive, also including abnormalities in central pattern generators or higher level motor programs.
- Help patients relearn the correct rules for action
- Retrain movements important to functional task
- Do not just reeducate muscles in isolation
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| Ecological Theories
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Gibson & Pick
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2000
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- The person, the task, and the environment interact to in uence motor behavior and learning. The interaction of the person with any given environment provides perceptual information used to control movement.
- The motivation to solve problems to accomplish a desired movement task goal facilitates learning.
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- Help patient explore multiple ways in achieving functional task → Discovering best solution for patient, given the set of limitations
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| Systems Model
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Shumway-Cook
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2007
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- Multiple body systems overlap to activate synergies for the production of movements that are organized around functional goals.
- Considers interaction of the person with the environment.
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- Identifiable, functional tasks
- Practice under a variety of conditions
- Modify environmental contexts
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