The Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, and Consolability (FLACC) scale: Difference between revisions

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==Method of Use==
==Method of Use==
The FLACC scale includes five sections (i.e., face, legs, activity, consolability and cry) of signs and behaviors which indicate distress. The total score for FLACC scale ranges from 0-12, with each category is scored on a scale of 0-2.<ref>Chan AY, Ge M, Harrop E, Johnson M, Oulton K, Skene SS, et al. [https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/02692163211049309 Pain assessment tools in paediatric palliative care: A systematic review of psychometric properties and recommendations for clinical practice.] Palliative Medicine. 2021 Dec 29;36(1):30–43. ‌</ref>  
The FLACC scale includes five sections (i.e., face, legs, activity, cry and consolability) of signs and behaviors which indicate distress. The total score for FLACC scale ranges from 0-12, with each category is scored on a scale of 0-2, as shown below. <ref>Chan AY, Ge M, Harrop E, Johnson M, Oulton K, Skene SS, et al. [https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/02692163211049309 Pain assessment tools in paediatric palliative care: A systematic review of psychometric properties and recommendations for clinical practice.] Palliative Medicine. 2021 Dec 29;36(1):30–43. ‌</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+FLACC scale <ref>Dafna Munitz‐Shenkar, Kreitler MM, Kreitler S. Appendix A: Assessment Tools in Pediatric Psycho-Oncology. 2012 Jul 1;269–97.


==Reference==
‌</ref>:
! rowspan="2" |Categories
! colspan="3" |scoring
|-
|0
|1
|2
|-
|Face
|No distinct facial expression or smile.
|Intermittently showing grimaces or frowns or showing withdrawal or indifference.
|Frequently or constantly quivering their chin or clenching their jaws.
|-
|Legs
|Normal or relaxed state.
|Showing signs of agitation, restlessness or tension.
|Kicking or drawing their legs up.
|-
|Activity
|Quietly lying in a normal position and moves effortlessly.
|Fidgeting, moving back and forth and showing tension.
|Arched, stiff or jerking position or movements.
|-
|Cry
|Not crying.
|Moaning, whimpering or complaining from time to time.
|Contantly crying, screaming, sobbing or complaining.
|-
|Consolability
|Relaxed and at ease.
|Can be distracted or reassured by physical comfort (e.g. touching and hugging) or with conversation.
|Hard to consol or comfort.
|}


==Evidence==
==Evidence==

Revision as of 09:50, 6 August 2023

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Objective[edit | edit source]

The Face, Legs, Activity, Cry and Consolability (FLACC) scale is an observational pain scale. It is widely used in the paediatric population to assess pain in infants and children who are unable to verbally express their pain. [1]Instead, the FLACC scale is developed to help understand their pain experience by observing facial experessions and behavioural patterns, to enable the provision of effective pain intervention. [2]

Intended Population[edit | edit source]

The FLACC scale is primarily designed for infants and children from 2 months to 7 years. [1] Specifically, it targets those who have difficulty in verbalising pain due to developmental, cognitive or communication barriers. [3]

Method of Use[edit | edit source]

The FLACC scale includes five sections (i.e., face, legs, activity, cry and consolability) of signs and behaviors which indicate distress. The total score for FLACC scale ranges from 0-12, with each category is scored on a scale of 0-2, as shown below. [4]

FLACC scale [5]:
Categories scoring
0 1 2
Face No distinct facial expression or smile. Intermittently showing grimaces or frowns or showing withdrawal or indifference. Frequently or constantly quivering their chin or clenching their jaws.
Legs Normal or relaxed state. Showing signs of agitation, restlessness or tension. Kicking or drawing their legs up.
Activity Quietly lying in a normal position and moves effortlessly. Fidgeting, moving back and forth and showing tension. Arched, stiff or jerking position or movements.
Cry Not crying. Moaning, whimpering or complaining from time to time. Contantly crying, screaming, sobbing or complaining.
Consolability Relaxed and at ease. Can be distracted or reassured by physical comfort (e.g. touching and hugging) or with conversation. Hard to consol or comfort.

Evidence[edit | edit source]

Reliability[edit | edit source]

Validity[edit | edit source]

Responsiveness[edit | edit source]

Miscellaneous[edit | edit source]

Links[edit | edit source]

References[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Crellin DJ, Harrison D, Santamaria N, Babl FE. Systematic review of the Face, Legs, Activity, Cry and Consolability scale for assessing pain in infants and children. PAIN. 2015 Nov;156(11):2132–51.
  2. ↑ voepel-Lewis T, Merkel S, Tait AR, Trzcinka A, Malviya S. The Reliability and Validity of the Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, Consolability Observational Tool as a Measure of Pain in Children with Cognitive Impairment. Anesthesia & Analgesia. 2002 Nov;95(5):1224–9.
  3. ↑ Willis MHW, Merkel S, Voepel-Lewis T, Shobha Malviya. FLACC Behavioral Pain Assessment Scale: a comparison with the child’s self-report. 2003 Jul 3;29(3):195–8.
  4. ↑ Chan AY, Ge M, Harrop E, Johnson M, Oulton K, Skene SS, et al. Pain assessment tools in paediatric palliative care: A systematic review of psychometric properties and recommendations for clinical practice. Palliative Medicine. 2021 Dec 29;36(1):30–43. ‌
  5. ↑ Dafna Munitz‐Shenkar, Kreitler MM, Kreitler S. Appendix A: Assessment Tools in Pediatric Psycho-Oncology. 2012 Jul 1;269–97. ‌
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