Signs of Respiratory Distress in Children: Difference between revisions
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* '''Grunting''' | * '''Grunting''' | ||
** Increase positive end expiatory pressure (PEEP) by closing of the glottis (therefore increasing Functional Residual Capacity (FRC). | ** Increase positive end expiatory pressure (PEEP) by closing of the glottis (therefore increasing Functional Residual Capacity (FRC). | ||
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* '''Tachypnoea''' | * '''Tachypnoea''' | ||
** Unable to increase Tidal volume and therefore increase Respiratory rate. | ** Unable to increase Tidal volume and therefore increase Respiratory rate. | ||
* '''Cricoid Tug/Tracheal tug''' | * '''Cricoid Tug/Tracheal tug''' | ||
** Increase pull of diaphragm is transmitted as a downwards tug on the trachea during inspiration. | ** Increase pull of diaphragm is transmitted as a downwards tug on the trachea during inspiration. | ||
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* '''Sternal recession''' | * '''Sternal recession''' | ||
** Due to high negative pressures on inspiration. | ** Due to high negative pressures on inspiration. | ||
* '''Sub-costal | * '''Sub-costal and intercostal recession ''' | ||
** Due to high negative pressures on inspiration. | ** Due to high negative pressures on inspiration. | ||
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* '''Nasal flaring''' | * '''Nasal flaring''' | ||
** To help increase the diameter of the airway. | ** To help increase the diameter of the airway. | ||
* '''Head bopping''' | * '''Head bopping''' | ||
** Due to high use of sternocleidomastoid and scalene muscles. | ** Due to high use of sternocleidomastoid and scalene muscles. | ||
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* '''Clammy''' | * '''Clammy''' | ||
** Due to high energy expenditure to breathe therefore sweating to regulate temperature. | ** Due to high energy expenditure to breathe therefore sweating to regulate temperature. | ||
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* '''Stridor''' | * '''Stridor''' | ||
** Partial obstruction of upper trachea. | ** Partial obstruction of upper trachea. | ||
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* '''Wheeze''' | * '''Wheeze''' | ||
** Narrowing or obstruction of the small airways by secretions or inflammation. | ** Narrowing or obstruction of the small airways by secretions or inflammation. |
Revision as of 13:30, 1 March 2019
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Top Contributors - Jagunath Selvanathan, Romy Hageman, Kim Jackson and Yvonne Yap
Introduction[edit | edit source]
One of the most common reasons an infant is admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit is due to Respiratory distress[1]. Respiratory distress can be recognised as one or more signs of increased work of breathing which will be discussed below.
Signs and symptoms and their causes[2][edit | edit source]
- Weak cry
- sign of fatigue and shows the child is prioritising energy expenditure for work of breathing.
- Grunting
- Increase positive end expiatory pressure (PEEP) by closing of the glottis (therefore increasing Functional Residual Capacity (FRC).
- Tachypnoea
- Unable to increase Tidal volume and therefore increase Respiratory rate.
- Cricoid Tug/Tracheal tug
- Increase pull of diaphragm is transmitted as a downwards tug on the trachea during inspiration.
- Sternal recession
- Due to high negative pressures on inspiration.
- Sub-costal and intercostal recession
- Due to high negative pressures on inspiration.
- Nasal flaring
- To help increase the diameter of the airway.
- Head bopping
- Due to high use of sternocleidomastoid and scalene muscles.
- Clammy
- Due to high energy expenditure to breathe therefore sweating to regulate temperature.
- Pallor
- Not oxygenating effectively.
- Cyanosis
- Dependent on haemoglobin and peripheral circulation-indicates poor oxygen saturation levels.
- Stridor
- Partial obstruction of upper trachea.
- Wheeze
- Narrowing or obstruction of the small airways by secretions or inflammation.
- Lethargy
- Being breathless and working hard causes discomfort and agitation. Also reserved energy fro work of breathing.
- Tachycardia
- to assist in oxygen transport.
- Hypoxemia
- reduced ability to oxygenate.
- Hypercarbia
- reduced ability to expire carbon dioxide.
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ Reuter S, Moser C, Baack M. Respiratory distress in the newborn. Pediatrics in review. 2014 Oct;35(10):417.
- ↑ Taussig LM, Landau LI. Pediatric respiratory medicine. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2008.
" Edwards MO, Kotecha SJ, Kotecha S. Respiratory distress of the term newborn infant. Paediatr Respir Rev. 2013 Mar; 14(1):29-36; quiz 36-7." />